秸秆、紫云英还田替代部分化肥对稻田土壤健康的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2025.03.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

稻田土壤的健康水平是制约水稻产量可持续提升的关键因素之一。试验共设置4个处理：常规施肥（T0）、紫云英还田处理（T1）、秸秆还田处理（T2）及秸秆还田配施有机肥处理（T3），旨在探讨秸秆、紫云英还田及有机肥配施作为部分化肥替代物的土壤健康培育措施（T1、T2和T3）对水稻产量、土壤理化特性和健康指数的影响。结果表明，相较于常规施肥处理（T0），实施土壤健康培育措施显著改善了土壤的物理特性及养分状况，具体表现为土壤容重显著降低、水稳性团聚体中大颗粒团聚体比例显著增加，土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均显著增加。在生物活性方面，土壤健康培育措施增加了土壤微生物量碳的含量，促进了土壤呼吸作用，提高了土壤微生物群落多样性指数。从水稻产量来看，秸秆还田配施有机肥处理（T3）的水稻产量较T0处理提高5.1%，增产效果显著；而T1和T2处理的水稻产量虽然较T0处理有所降低，但差异不显著。采用全量数据集方法对土壤健康状况进行评价，结果显示，土壤健康培育措施均能有效提高稻田土壤的健康指数，其中以T3处理最高，达到0.80。综上，采用上述土壤健康培育措施，能在保证水稻稳产的同时改善稻田土壤结构，还能提高土壤肥力、生物活性和健康指数，从而推动水稻生产的可持续发展。

关键词: 水稻, 秸秆还田, 紫云英还田, 有机肥, 化肥减量, 土壤健康指数, 水稻产量

Abstract:

The health level of paddy soil is one of the key factors constraining the sustainable increase in rice yield. Four treatments were set up in the experiment: conventional fertilization (T0), milk vetch returning (T1), straw returning (T2), and straw returning combined with organic fertilizer application (T3). The aim was to explore the effects of soil health cultivation measures, such as straw, Chinese milk vetch returning and organic fertilizer application on rice yield, soil physical and chemical properties and health index. The results showed that, compared with conventional fertilization (T0), implementing soil health cultivation measures significantly improved soil physical properties and nutrient level. Specifically, there was a significant decrease in soil bulk density and a significant increase in the proportion of large water-stable aggregates, and the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium all increased significantly. In terms of biological activity, soil health cultivation measures increased soil microbial biomass carbon content, promoted soil respiration, and improved soil microbial diversity index. In terms of rice yield, the rice yield of T3 treatment was 5.1% significantly higher than that of T0 treatment. Although the rice yield of T1 and T2 treatments was lower than that of T0 treatment, but the difference was not significant. The results of soil health assessment using the full data set method showed that soil health cultivation measures could improve the soil health index of paddy field. Among them, the rice paddy soil health index of T3 treatment was the highest, reaching 0.80. In summary, adopting the aforementioned soil health cultivation measures can not only improve the structure of rice paddy soil while ensuring stable rice yields but also enhance soil fertility, biological activity, and health index, thereby promoting the sustainable development of rice production.

Key words: rice, straw returning, milk vetch returning, organic fertilizer, fertilizer reduction, soil health index, rice yield

中图分类号:

S511.062

梁青铎, 吴勇, 朱玉祥, 陈书融, 田文昊, 朱春权, 孔亚丽, 曹小闯, 张均华, 朱练峰. 秸秆、紫云英还田替代部分化肥对稻田土壤健康的影响[J]. 中国稻米, 2025, 31(3): 53-58.

LIANG Qingduo, WU Yong, ZHU Yuxiang, CHEN Shurong, TIAN Wenhao, ZHU Chunquan, KONG Yali, CAO Xiaochuang, ZHANG Junhua, ZHU Lianfeng. Effects of Straw and Milk Vetch Returning to Replace Part of Chemical Fertilizer on Soil Health in Paddy Field[J]. China Rice, 2025, 31(3): 53-58.

图/表 8

表1 不同健康土壤培育措施下的土壤物理和化学特性

图1 不同健康土壤培育措施下的土壤水稳性团聚体

表2 不同健康土壤培育措施下的土壤养分含量

表3 不同健康土壤培育措施下的土壤生物特性

图2 不同健康土壤培育措施下的水稻产量

图3 水稻产量和土壤理化因子的相关性 Yield-产量；Som-土壤有机质含量；TN-全氮含量；AP-有效磷含量；AK-速效钾含量；MBC-微生物碳量；Rs-土壤呼吸；SHDI-香农多样性指数。*，**分别表示不同指标间达显著或极显著相关。

表4 全量数据集指标权重值

图4 不同健康土壤培育措施下土壤健康指数图柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异在0.05水平显著。

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