Surrounding the implementation of a new round of large-scale yield improvement actions for grain and oil crops, conducting large-scale rice production and efficiency enhancement is an important measure to ensure the absolute safety of China's food supply. However, there are numerous pressures to increase rice production and efficiency on a large scale, such as the fact that rice yield improvement has entered a bottleneck period, a single technology is difficult to effectively increase rice yield, the high-quality rate of rice is low, and the income of rice farmers shows a parabolic downward trend. In response to the challenges of increasing rice production and efficiency on a large scale, this article explores the county-wide promotion path for large-scale improvement of rice production and efficiency, aiming to transform integrated technological innovations into new quality productivity and provide strong technological support for achieving a large-scale increase in rice yield.

Currently, China is actively implementing a new round of actions to increase the grain production capacity by five billion kilogram. As an important grain-producing province in China, Jiangxi's enhancement of grain production capacity is of great significance for ensuring the food security of the region and even the whole country. Based on the historical data of grain production in Jiangxi Province and the current policy environment, this study systematically reviewed the necessity and feasibility of increasing grain production capacity in Jiangxi. Through comparative analysis, summarized the key problems in the process of improving grain production capacity in Jiangxi and put forward the solutions based on the actual situation. The research suggests that enhancing grain production capacity in Jiangxi Province is of significant importance for ensuring regional food security, promoting high-quality agricultural development, maintaining the national food security, and contributing to global food security. However, in the process of enhancement， Jiangxi Province also faced a series of challenges, including the reduction of cultivated land, the decrease of sown area, the reduction of multiple cropping, the reduction of production efficiency, the frequent occurrence of natural disasters, the fragile agricultural infrastructure, the shortage of labor force, the shrinkage of winter food crops, the weakness of dryland crops and the decline of land fertility. To effectively address these challenges, proposed a series of strategic countermeasures and specific measures， including protecting cultivated land resources, expanding sowing area, increasing yield per unit area, optimizing grain quality, adjusting the structure of crop planting, strengthening dryland crop production, improving farmland infrastructure, reducing grain loss in production and circulation, promoting the application of advanced science and technology, and cultivating grain production talents, so as to provide reference for food security and sustainable development of agriculture in Jiangxi Province and even China.

This paper introduces the current production status of ratoon rice in southern Henan and provides a comprehensive overview of recent research progress in this region concerning the ecological adaptability, variety identification, high-yield cultivation techniques, and innovation in cultivation models of ratoon rice. It also proposes a “four-early and one-high” cultivation strategy for ratoon rice in southern Henan, which involves “selecting early- to mid-maturing varieties, sowing and nurturing seedlings earlier at an appropriate time, transplanting seedlings early in a timely manner, harvesting the main crop early, and maintaining a high stubble height at the time of main crop harvest”. Meanwhile, specific agronomic indicators suitable for ratoon rice varieties in southern Henan are clarified: a growth duration of 120 to 136 days, 129 to 173 grains per panicle, a tiller number per plant reaching or exceeding 11.5, and a ratooning bud sheath emergence rate of ≥75.3% on the 5th day after the main crop harvest. Furthermore, the paper highlights the challenges faced in ratoon rice production in southern Henan, including vulnerability to low-temperature and cold damage during early spring seedling raising, difficulties in effectively applying bud-promoting fertilizer, high loss rates during mechanical harvesting, and the ineffective implementation of rice subsidy policies. To address these issues, relevant solutions are proposed.

Microscopy is a technique that uses optical or electro-optical systems to observe the morphological structure and properties of tiny objects that cannot be distinguished by the naked eye. It has been widely applied in the research of rice processing, appearance, cooking, and nutritional quality. This article mainly introduced the key microscopy techniques used in rice quality research, including transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and laser scanning confocal microscopy, and elaborates on the sample preparation methods for these techniques. Additionally, the article deeply explored the key microscopic characteristics observed in rice quality identification and systematically reviewed the current research status of electron microscopy techniques in rice processing, appearance, cooking, and taste quality. It aims to promote the wider application of electron microscopy techniques in rice quality research.

A pot experiment was conducted using rice cultivar Xiangzaoxian 45 as the test material. Under a 16 h light/8 h dark photoperiod cycle, four light intensity treatments were set: [L1=300 μmol/(m²·s), L2=450 μmol/(m²·s), L3=600 μmol/(m²·s), L4=750 μmol/(m²·s)]. The study investigated the changes in plant height, tiller number, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic characteristics, fluorescence parameters, and dry matter accumulation of rice under different light flux densities (PPFD) conditions. The results showed that low light flux density treatment (L1, L2) increased plant height, tiller number, relative chlorophyll content (SPAD value), potential photochemical efficiency (Fv/F₀), maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm ), and non-photochemical burst (NPQ) of rice, while decreasing dry matter, root-crown ratio, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), and actual photochemical efficiency (ФPSII). However, too high light flux density treatment (L4) led to a decrease in parameters such as SPAD value, Fv/F₀, Fv/Fm, Φ PSII, and Pn in rice, while increasing NPQ. Under appropriate light flux density conditions(L3), rice had suitable morphological characteristics and higher photosynthetic rate and dry matter weight. It can be seen that too low or too high light flux density will cause different degrees of damage to rice, ultimately lead to a reduction in rice yields. Therefore, the appropriate light flux density for indoor cultivation of rice is 600 μmol/(m²·s).

The long-term and excessive use of chemical fertilizers has led to declining soil quality and environmental issues, attracting widespread attention. Directly returning straw produced during agricultural production to the field can lead to planting obstacles and environmental risks. This study aims to explore the effects of replacing chemical fertilizers with different proportions of biochar-based fertilizers on the quality of paddy soil, enzymatic properties, microbial community structure, and rice growth. The results indicated that the treatments with biochar-based fertilizers effectively improved soil structure and nutrient status, stimulated soil enzyme activity, and improved microbial community structure. Among them, the 50% substitution ratio treatment had the best effect. Compared with the conventional fertilization treatment, the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and organic matter content of soil at mature increased by 36.03%, 28.36%, and 19.53%, respectively. The activities of catalase and sucrase increased by 12.24% and 29.67%, respectively, and the Chao, Ace, and Shannon indices increased by 22.20%, 21.97%, and 6.33%, respectively. Moreover, the application of biochar-based fertilizers significantly promoted rice growth, nutrient absorption and utilization. Among them, the 50% substitution ratio treatment had the best effect. Compared with the conventional fertilization treatment, rice yield and aboveground dry matter quality increased by 14.44% and 15.95%, respectively, the absorption efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium increased by 18.94%, 19.18%, and 19.07%, respectively. The preparation of fertilizers through straw carbonization helps promote the resource utilization and recycling of waste straw.

To effectively realize the resource utilization of dredged silt in river channels, this study used dredged silt as the main raw material, supplemented with different proportions of organic materials (distiller's grains, cassava residue, and mushroom residue), and developed different rice seedling nutrition soil formulas. By comparing the differences in physicochemical properties of these nutrient soils and their effects on rice seedling quality, and using principal component analysis to comprehensively evaluate the growth indicators of rice seedling, the optimal nutrient soil formulas were screened out. The results showed that, compared with pure silt, adding organic materials to silt significantly reduced the pH value and bulk density of nutrient soil, while significantly increased electrical conductivity (EC), total porosity, organic matter and available phosphorus content. In the consective two seasons of seedling cultivation experiment, the treatments of adding organic materials to silk generally showed better seedling growth than the pure silk treatment, but there were differences in the effectiveness between the treatments. In the first season experiment, the treatment with 40% distiller's grains added to the silt showed the best seedling rate and plant height performance, which were 85.79% and 18.33 cm, respectively. The treatment with 20% cassava residue added to the silt showed the best performance in terms of SPAD value, total root length, and aboveground dry matter weight of 100 plants, reaching 29.52 cm, 81.63 cm, and 2.10 g, respectively. In the second season experiment, the treatment with 40% distiller's grains added to the silt had the highest leaf age, plant height, and stem-based width, which were 4.49, 23.10 cm, and 2.39 mm, respectively. The treatment with 20% cassava residue added to the silt had the highest underground dry matter weight of 100 plants, reaching 1.28 g. The results of principal component analysis showed that the treatment of adding 40% distiller's grains or 20% cassava residue to silk resulted in better comprehensive quality of machine transplanted seedlings, which could be considered as the suitable formula for rice seedling nutrient soil.

The health level of paddy soil is one of the key factors constraining the sustainable increase in rice yield. Four treatments were set up in the experiment: conventional fertilization (T0), milk vetch returning (T1), straw returning (T2), and straw returning combined with organic fertilizer application (T3). The aim was to explore the effects of soil health cultivation measures, such as straw, Chinese milk vetch returning and organic fertilizer application on rice yield, soil physical and chemical properties and health index. The results showed that, compared with conventional fertilization (T0), implementing soil health cultivation measures significantly improved soil physical properties and nutrient level. Specifically, there was a significant decrease in soil bulk density and a significant increase in the proportion of large water-stable aggregates, and the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium all increased significantly. In terms of biological activity, soil health cultivation measures increased soil microbial biomass carbon content, promoted soil respiration, and improved soil microbial diversity index. In terms of rice yield, the rice yield of T3 treatment was 5.1% significantly higher than that of T0 treatment. Although the rice yield of T1 and T2 treatments was lower than that of T0 treatment, but the difference was not significant. The results of soil health assessment using the full data set method showed that soil health cultivation measures could improve the soil health index of paddy field. Among them, the rice paddy soil health index of T3 treatment was the highest, reaching 0.80. In summary, adopting the aforementioned soil health cultivation measures can not only improve the structure of rice paddy soil while ensuring stable rice yields but also enhance soil fertility, biological activity, and health index, thereby promoting the sustainable development of rice production.

A pot experiment was conducted to using Huanghuazhan as the test material. At 19 after transplantation, the potted plants were placed in an artificial climate chamber equipped with sunshine function and natural temperatures simulate for drought stress treatment. Meanwhile, a subset of the potted plants with exogenous application of nano-zinc fertilizer at a concentration of 50 mg/L one day prior to the onset of drought stress treatment. This study aimed to explore the effects of nano-zinc fertilizer application on rice yield and its component factors under drought stress conditions, and to preliminary reveal its mechanism of action by analyzing agronomic traits such as plant height and dry matter weight, as well as physiological traits related to photosynthesis. The results showed that during the vegetative growth stage, drought stress had no significant effect on rice seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight, but significantly reduced the number of effective panicles and grains per panicle, ultimately leading to a substantial decrease in rice yield by 49.65%. Under drought stress conditions, exogenous application of nano-zinc fertilizer significantly alleviated the drought-induced decline in the number of effective panicles and grains per panicle, reducing the yield loss to 28.93%. It also significantly increased rice plant height, root length, and dry matter weight of both the aboveground and root parts. Additionally, it significantly improved leaf stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and net photosynthetic rate, significantly enhanced the activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase in leaves, and significantly reduced the content of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde in leaves. These results indicate that nano-zinc fertilizer reduces oxidative damage to rice leaves under stress conditions by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, thereby improving photosynthetic characteristics, promoting material accumulation, and ultimately mitigating the negative impact of drought stress on rice yield.

Three colored rice varieties were selected and planted in three representative ecological regions(Fumin County, Baoshan City and Weishan County) in Yunnan. The study compared the differences in yield, quality, and anthocyanin content among different colored rice varieties at different ecological sites and explored the correlation between these indicators and meteorological factors during the grain filling and fruiting period. The results showed that the yield, quality, and anthocyanin content of colored rice are influenced by both genetic factors and environmental conditions. Among them, the yield of colored rice planted at the Fumin site was significantly higher than that at Baoshan and Weishan sites, and the rice processing quality was better; the anthocyanin content of colored rice planted at the Weishan site was significantly higher than that at Fumin and Baoshan sites. Correlation analysis results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between daily average high temperature and daily average temperature difference during the filling and maturation stage and yield, and an insignificant positive correlation with anthocyanin content; the daily average high temperature during the grain-filling stage was significantly positively correlated with brown rice width and significantly negatively correlated with brown rice length and length-width ratio. This study provides an important theoretical basis for the promotion of colored rice in Yunnan.

The application of exogenous amino acids has a significant impact on the growth and development of rice. To further explore the effects of spraying glutamate during the rupturing stage on yield and physiological characteristics of rice, this study selected the aromatic rice varieties Meixiangzhan 2 and Qingxiangyou 19 xiang as research subjects, and designed five different concentrations of glutamate spraying: CK, 0 g/L; T1, 0.7 g/L; T2, 1.4 g/L; T3, 2.1 g/L; T4, 2.8 g/L. The results showed that compared with CK, the yields of Meixiangzhan 2 and Qingxiangyou 19 xiang under the T2 treatment significantly increased by 7.27% and 22.01%, respectively, and the seed setting rates significantly increased by 9.32% and 7.94%, respectively. Meanwhile, the T2 treatment significantly enhanced the photosynthetic rate, dry matter accumulation, and nitrogen metabolism enzyme activity of Meixiangzhan 2 and Qingxiangyou 19 xiang. In conclusion, spraying glutamate at a concentration of 1.4 g/L during the rupturing stage of rice can not only effectively increase the yield but also significantly improve the physiological characteristics of rice.

This study selected the low-temperature-tolerant indica rice variety Diantun 502 and its near- allele low-temperatures sensitive line Diantun 506 as the research subjects, aiming to explore the differences in physiological metabolic activities and low-temperature response gene expression between these two rice varieties under low-temperature stress, thereby providing a theoretical basis for revealing the molecular mechanism of Diantun 502's low-temperature tolerance. The experiment subjected the seedlings of both rice varieties to low-temperature treatment under the same environmental conditions and systematically analyzed the changes in various physiological indicators in the leaves of rice seedlings under low-temperature stress, including water content, chlorophyll content, proline content, malondialdehyde content, soluble sugar content, and the activity of the antioxidant enzyme system. Additionally, this study also detected the changes in the expression levels of key genes related to rice low-temperature resistance, such as COLD1, OsRAN1, OsCAF1B, OsFAD8, OsAOX1a and OsPHY1. The results showed that Diantun 502 mainly respond to low temperature stress by increasing the content of proline, enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and upregulating the expression levels of genes such as OsCAF1B, OsFAD8, OsAOX1a, and OsPHY1, thereby protecting the rice seedlings from low-temperature damage.

This study aims to clarify the differences in volatile components of Nangeng 9108 rice from different origins and provide scientific data support for enhancing the overall aroma of rice. The study employed Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) to accurately identify the volatile components in cooked rice samples from Nantong City (A), Yancheng City (B), and Huai'an City (C) of Jiangsu Province, and analyzed the differences in volatile components among these samples in conjunction with the Odor Activity Value (OAV). The results showed that a total of 56 volatile components were identified in the three samples, with 41 in sample A, 48 in sample B, and 55 in sample C; 39 common volatile components in three samples. In terms of the content of volatile components, esters and heterocyclic compounds were abundant, especially ethyl hexanoate, which had the highest content in all three samples. Through OAV analysis, it was found that 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline(2-AP) had an OAV value >10.0, making it a key substance affecting the difference in rice aroma. However, gamma-nonalactone and ethyl hexanoate had OAV values >1.0, constituting the main sources of rice aroma. However, gamma-nonalactone was not detected in sample A, further indicating significant differences in the overall aroma of rice from different origins. Additionally, there were five volatile components with OAV values between 0.1 and 1.0, which played a supportive role in the overall aroma.

Due to unique geographical, climatic and other factors, Wuchang rice has a rich aroma and excellent taste, which is deeply loved by consumers. This article summarized the data of 960 rice regional and production trial varieties (lines) yield and agronomic traits from 2008 to 2022 at the Wuchang Experimental Base of the Institute of Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences and systematically studied the evolution rule of yield and agronomic traits of five groups (early maturing group, late maturing group, early maturing fragrant rice group, late maturing fragrant rice group, and late glutinous rice group in the first accumulated temperature zone). The results showed that the yield of early maturing and late maturing lines has shown an overall upward trend in recent years, and the main reason for the increase in yield was the increase in thousand grain weight and grain number per ear. However, the effective number of panicles, cold tolerance, and plant height all shown a downward trend. The evolutionary rule of yield and agronomic traits of early maturing fragrant rice lines are similar to those of early maturing lines, but the yield is slightly lower. The evolutionary rule of yield and agronomic traits of late maturing fragrant rice lines are basically the same as those of late maturing lines. Compared with late maturing rice lines, the glutinous rice lines showed a downward trend in thousand-grain weight and plant height, while the trends of the other yield and agronomic traits are basically the same. The research results can provide scientific guidance and technical support for rice breeding in the Wuchang region.

Rice is the staple food for over two-thirds of China's population. The rice bacterial blight caused by the infection of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryae has been worsening year by year in China. With the continuous promotion of simplified cultivation techniques and new varieties, coupled with the virulence variability of the pathogenic bacteria, posing new challenges to its efficient control. In order to clarify the occurrence patterns of rice bacterial leaf blight under different sowing dates and to better prevent and control the disease, this experiment took the occurrence characteristics of bacterial leaf blight in different rice varieties under different sowing dates as the starting point, exploring the disease index, yield formation, and yield loss patterns. The results indicated that the later sowing date of Yongyou 1540, the higher the disease index, and the earlier the sowing date of Jiafengyou 2, the higher the disease index. This presents a characteristic of rice sowing date having a greater impact on the disease index of white leaf blight than rice varieties. Comparing the yield loss rates of different varieties under different sowing dates, it can be found that the yield loss of Yongyou 31 is less affected by the sowing dates, indicating that it is also less affected by sowing date adjustments and bacterial leaf blight, and has greater sowing date elasticity.

Zhejiang Province is characterized by a large population and limited land area, with per capita arable land area being approximately 200 square meters, resulting in a relatively low grain self-sufficiency rate. In order to stabilize the rice planting area and increase farmers'income, a comparative experiment between the lotus-rice rotation model and the wheat-rice rotation model was carried out. The results showed that before rice planting, the contents of soil total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in lotus-rice rotation model were significantly higher than those in the wheat-rice rotation model, and increased by 21.52%, 45.28%, 274.57% and 56.50%, respectively, while the organic matter content and pH value were basically similar to wheat-rice rotation model. After rice harvest, the contents of soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available potassium were significantly lower than those in the wheat-rice rotation model, and decreased by 13.90% and 33.47%, respectively. However, the pH value, available phosphorus content, and organic matter content were significantly or extremely significantly higher than those in the wheat-rice rotation model, and increased by 9.23 %, 333.78 % and 58.13 %, respectively. The rice yield in lotus-rice rotation model was lower than that in wheat-rice rotation model. The number of filled grains per panicle of lotus-rice rotation model was significantly higher than that of wheat-rice rotation model. The effective panicles and 1000-grain weight of lotus-rice rotation model were significantly or extremely significantly lower than those of wheat-rice rotation model. The grain quality in lotus-rice rotation model was generally better than that in wheat-rice rotation model, and the brown rice rate and protein content were significantly or extremely significantly higher than those in wheat-rice rotation model. In actual production, to coordinate panicle and grain structure and thereby increase rice yield, it is recommended to adopt measures such as appropriately increasing rice planting density, applying a small amount of ear fertilizer in the later stage, or spraying foliar fertilizer in the lotus-rice rotation model

To investigate the effects of nano-magnesium and ionic-magnesium on the growth, yield, and quality of aromatic rice variety Muyudao 49 in cold region, an experiment of applying different forms of magnesium fertilizer was conducted. The results showed that compared to the conventional fertilization treatment, the treatment with the addition of nano-magnesium had the highest SPAD value of leaves, dry matter accumulation, and yield from the heading stage to the maturity stage of Muyudao 49, followed by the treatment with the addition of ionic magnesium. The application of magnesium fertilizer significantly enhanced the enzyme activity of ADPG pyrophosphate synthase and soluble starch synthase throughout the grain filling process, significantly increased the enzyme activity of starch branching enzymes in the early stage of grain filling, and significantly reduced the enzyme activity of glutamine synthase in the early stage of grain filling. Additionally, the application of magnesium fertilizer significantly improved the brown rice rate, whole grain rate, gel consistency, and taste score, while reducing the chalkiness rate, chalkiness degree, and amylose content. Moreover, the treatment with the addition of nano-magnesium was superior to that of ionic magnesium in terms of the improvement in brown rice rate, whole polished rice rate, and taste score. In terms of the physical and chemical properties of grain starch, the application of magnesium fertilizer significantly increased the highest viscosity and breakdown value of starch, while decreased the hot paste viscosity, cool gel viscosity, and setback value, further demonstrating the effectiveness of magnesium fertilizer in improving the cooking and taste quality of rice. In summary, applying an appropriate amount of magnesium fertilizer during the cultivation of Muyudao 49 can not only increase yield but also improve the quality of rice, with nano-magnesium fertilizer being more effective than ionic magnesium fertilizer.

Zhongzu 53, which is an early-season indica rice variety with high yield, was bred by China National Rice Research Institute and was approved by the Zhejiang Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2020. It is suitable for planting in Zhejiang Province and similar ecological regions as it has the characteristics of early maturity, moderate plant architecture, high tillering ability, large panicle with high grain number, and high yielding potentials. The average yield of Zhongzu 53 reached 10.26 t/hm² and 9.90 t/hm² in the large-scale demonstration of super rice in 2021 and 2022, respectively. It was subsequently identified as a new super rice variety by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2023. Zhongzu 53 was introduced to Jiangshan County for planting in 2017. It has become the main variety in Jiangshan as its production area accounted for more than 38% in 2023 and its cumulative production area has exceeded 3 333.33 hm² in 2023. This paper introduced the planting performance and summarized the key high-yielding cultivation techniques of Zhongzu 53 in Jiangshan County in the last few years, which provided guidance for further promoting the cultivation of Zhongzu 53 in Jiangshan and similar area.

Rice agricultural heritage systems serve as significant carriers and vivid testimonies of China's agricultural civilization, embodying multiple values in economics, society, culture, ecology, and technology. They provide a steady stream of development momentum for rural revitalization. This paper focused on exploring the intrinsic link between rice agricultural heritage systems and rural revitalization, using the conservation practices of rice agricultural heritage in Zhejiang Province as a specific case study to extract valuable practical experience. Additionally, it put forward relevant suggestions addressing the major issues currently faced in the conservation and utilization of rice agricultural heritage, aiming to further leverage Zhejiang's pioneering advantages and open up new perspectives and pathways for comprehensive revitalization of rural areas.