In 2024, China's rice cultivation area increased slightly, reaching a new historical high in yield per unit area, and total production remaining stable above 200 million tons for the 14th consecutive year. The domestic rice market prices showed a weak trend, while rice consumption remained largely stable. Both rice imports and exports declined significantly, though the countries involved in rice trade remained relatively stable. The number of approved rice varieties decreased, but rice quality continued to improve. Rice production and management are rapidly transitioning towards greener, smarter, and more mechanized trends. Chief problems faced in rice production in China were analyzed. For 2025, China's rice planting area is expected to remain stable, with per-unit yield steadily rising. The rice market is projected to maintain stable operations, and the development of high-quality rice varieties is anticipated to accelerate further.

In the process of regional test and approval of new rice varieties at all levels in China, the consistency of the varieties over testing years and the differences between testing varieties and already approved varieties are mainly judged according to the “Protocol for identification of rice varieties-SSR marker method”. Since the study of rice genome was still in its infancy, the development of these SSR markers was mainly determined based on the results of polymorphism analysis of limited rice varieties, hence there is a lack of sufficient understanding of the 48 SSR markers in terms of their validity and scientific soundness as the basis for distinguishing varieties.This study pinpointed the specific locations of these 48 SSR markers in the rice genome through primer sequence alignment analysis, aiming to explore the distribution patterns of these SSR markers on the rice genome and assess the potential biological effects of their variations. We amplified the public genome assembly data using SSR marker primers and determined the polymorphism of these markers in the indica and japonica rice subspecies groups by analyzing the amplified sequences. The results showed that these 48 markers were unevenly distributed across the 12 chromosomes of rice. Of these, 35 markers were located within genes or within 2.0 kb upstream or downstream of genes, and 3 markers were directly located in the exon regions of genes. However, it is noteworthy that the increase or decrease in SSR repeat units did not lead to frameshift mutations. Among the 193 Asian representative cultivated rice varieties analyzed, 3 markers showed no polymorphism in the japonica group (including 58 varieties), with a polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0; another 8 markers had very low polymorphism in the japonica group (PIC<0.25). Similarly, in the indica group (including 135 varieties), 5 markers also had very low polymorphism (PIC<0.25). In addition to repeat units, single nucleotide variations, as well as insertions and deletions, were observed within the amplified segments. This study not only revealed the genomic characteristics of these 48 SSR markers but also clearly pointed out that a few SSR markers still lack sufficient variety identification capability in representative populations. At the same time, we discovered nucleotide variations beyond the internal repeat sequences of SSR markers, which provides important directions and insights for optimizing existing SSR markers, developing new SSR markers for rice variety identification, and scientifically understanding the limitations of existing SSR markers in variety differentiation.

With the acceleration of industrialization and the intensification of agricultural activities, the issue of cadmium exceeding the standard in rice has become increasingly prominent due to the intertwined effects of geological conditions, climate change, and environmental pollution, posing a serious threat to food safety and human health. As a toxic heavy metal, cadmium accumulation in rice not only affects the quality of rice but also may enter the human body through the food chain, leading to chronic poisoning and other health problems. Therefore, exploring safe, efficient, green, and economical methods to remove cadmium from contaminated rice grains and developing high-value utilization technologies for cadmium-contaminated rice have become research topics of great concern in the context of the development of new productive forces. This paper comprehensively reviewed the effectiveness of various removal technologies in reducing cadmium content in rice grains, deeply analyzed their mechanisms of action, applicable scenarios, cost-effectiveness, and other dimensions. At the same time, this paper also elaborated on high-value utilization technologies for cadmium-contaminated rice post-harvest, which not only aim to effectively reduce cadmium content but also focus on extracting and efficiently utilizing beneficial components in rice grains, thereby maximizing resource value. These high-value utilization technologies have certain economic and environmental benefits and can provide new raw material sources for related industries, promoting the extension and upgrading of the industrial chain. Moreover, this paper identifies the key directions for future industry research.

In order to more accurately diagnose rice phosphorus nutrition and help rice growth, an improved ShuffleNet V2 rice phosphorus nutrition diagnosis method is proposed. This method improves the model by introducing the ECA attention mechanism into the ShuffleNet V2 network model, and selects the pooling method of Attention Pooling to optimize model training. The transfer learning strategy is adopted to transfer the pre-trained weights on the ImageNet large dataset to the improved ShuffleNet V2 network model to train the rice leaf dataset and construct a rice phosphorus nutrition diagnosis model. The experimental results showed that the improved ShuffleNet V2 network model had higher accuracy, precision, recall and F1 value than other comparative network structure models in the rice tillering stage and rice jointing stage, and the training parameters were small, the training was more stable, and the convergence speed was faster. It proved that the improved ShuffleNet V2 rice phosphorus nutrition diagnosis model had good diagnostic recognition ability, which was helpful to adopt scientific and effective fertilization strategies under big data. At the same time, the improved ShuffleNet V2 network model had also achieved remarkable results on the Plant Village public dataset, which further verified the effectiveness and generalization ability of the improved model.

Germinated brown rice, as an emerging raw material for healthy foods, is increasingly favored by consumers due to its rich nutrition and various active components. It is widely used in many fields such as food processing, healthcare, and daily chemical industries. With the development of technology and the increasing of public demand for health, the application prospects of germinated brown rice are becoming broader. This article reviewed the effects of different processing methods on the nutritional components, quality, and physiological activity of germinated brown rice, as well as the exploitation applications of germinated brown rice in food and other fields, in order to provide a reference for the further development of the germinated brown rice industry.

In order to explore the effects of exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) spraying on the yield and physiological traits of different salt tolerance rice varieties, the salt-tolerant variety Lianjian 5 and the salt-sensitive variety Lianjing 7 were used as experimental materials. Under salt stress of 0.2% (2 g/kg), three different concentrations of exogenous GABA spraying treatments (50 μmol/L, 100 μmol/L, and 150 μmol/L) were set, with water spraying as the control. The results showed that spraying exogenous GABA could alleviate the inhibitory effects of salt on rice growth, with the treatment of spraying with 150 μmol/L GABA showing the best effect. Compared with the salt-sensitive variety, the salt-tolerant variety showed more significant improvement after exogenous GABA spraying, characterized by larger leaf area, higher content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, SPAD value, and photosynthetic rate. Additionally, salt-tolerant variety also exhibited higher activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD), higher potassium (K⁺) content, and lower sodium(Na⁺) content, while the contents of endogenous GABA and abscisic acid(ABA) also increased. In summary, spraying exogenous GABA can increase the content of endogenous GABA and ABA in salt tolerant rice varieties, thereby ensuring photosynthetic capacity, antioxidant enzyme activity, and ion balance, maintaining better agronomic traits, and ultimately increasing yield under salt-stress conditions.

In order to recycle the by-products of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) for resource utilization and reduce the application of chemical fertilizers, they were formulated into a rice greening and tillering fertilizer, and a field experiment was conducted in the soda saline alkali area of Daqing, Heilongjiang Province in 2023. The experiment set up four treatments, namely conventional nitrogen fertilizer treatment (CK), CNCs by-products+conventional nitrogen fertilizer treatment (A1), CNCs by-products+70% conventional nitrogen fertilizer treatment(A2), CNCs by-products+70% conventional nitrogen fertilizer treatment+500 mL/667 m² Bacillus velezensis bacterial liquid (A3). The yield and quality traits of conventional japonica rice variety Suijing 18 were measured under different treatments. The results indicated that the theoretical and actual yield of rice were in the order of A1>A3>CK>A2. The actual yield of rice in the A1 treatment increased by 26.17%, 39.23%, and 24.30% compared to CK, A2, and A3 treatments, respectively. Adding CNCs by-products could improve rice yield components, primary and secondary stem traits, and significantly enhance rice processing quality, but significantly reduce grain length, aspect ratio, protein content, and amylose content. Compared with A2 treatment, A3 treatment could significantly improve the spike weight, grain density, yield structure, secondary branch stalk setting, and processing quality of rice. All treatments had minimal effect on the cooking and eating quality of rice. This indicated that the combined use of CNCs by-products and Bacillus velezensis could enhance the efficiency of greening and tillering fertilizer, significantly improve rice yield and quality.

Taking the single season late rice varity Luoyou 2 with low cadmium absorption as the research material, under the conditions of total Cd content of 3.39 mg/kg and effective Cd content of 0.59 mg/kg in the experimental field, we set up five nitrogen fertilizer application treatments (applying pure nitrogen 0, 90, 120, 150, 180 kg/hm², denoted as N0, N1, N2, N3, N4) and three planting density treatments (240 000, 300 000, 360 000 clusters/hm², denoted as D1, D2, D3). This study aims to explore the effects of different nitrogen application rates and planting densities on rice yield, aboveground biomass accumulation, population growth rate, nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency, and Cd content in brown rice. The results showed that nitrogen application rate, planting density, and their interaction had a significant impact on rice yield. Among them, the N3D3 treatment had the highest yield, reaching 9.7 t/hm². The main reason for its high yield attributed to a higher number of effective panicles. The Cd content in brown rice of N3D1, N3D2, and N3D3 treatments was between 0.17-0.20 mg/kg, all below the safety limit standard for cadmium content in rice. Under the conditions of this experiment, the Cd content in brown rice of all nitrogen fertilizer treatments was stably below 0.20 mg/kg. With the increase of planting density, both rice yield and Cd content in brown rice showed an upward trend. When the planting density was below 378 000 clumps/hm², the Cd content in brown rice could be stably maintained below 0.20 mg/kg. In summary, when the nitrogen application rate is 150 kg/hm² and the planting density not exceeding 378 000 clusters/hm², Luoyou 2 can exert its high-yield characteristics and cadmium-low absorption characteristics, which is beneficial for achieving safe production.

To gain a thorough understanding of the biological characteristics and genetic diversity of weedy rice in Jiangsu Reclamation Area and to tap into its potential high-quality genetic resources, this study conducted field planting, observation, and recording of 27 weedy rice samples collected from 19 agricultural areas within the Jiangsu Agricultural Reclamation System. Through principal component analysis and cluster analysis, we conducted a detailed analysis of the genetic diversity of these weedy rice materials. The results indicated that the weedy rice population in Jiangsu Reclamation Area exhibited certain advantages over cultivated rice in terms of length-to-width ratio, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, number of filled grains, and tillering ability. However, its seed setting rate is slightly lower than that of cultivated rice, and its thousand-grain weight is significantly lower. The peak tiller number, shattering rate, number of filled grains, total grain number, thousand-grain weight, and plant height in the weedy rice population exhibited considerable genetic variability and rich genetic diversity. Cluster analysis based on phenotypic traits and gene sequences obtained consistent results, roughly dividing the weedy rice population into five categories, with the FXW category tending towards japonica type, while the other categories tended towards indica type. This study provides a scientific basis for the effective management and utilization of weedy rice in Jiangsu Reclamation Area.

Rice is one of the main grain crops in Yunnan. Utilizing the unique ecological conditions and natural species gene pool advantages of Yunnan’s low latitude plateau to promote the continuous improvement of rice production capacity, is of great significance for promoting the high-quality development of plateau characteristic agriculture and ensuring national food security. This article summarized the development situation of the rice industry in Yunnan Province, analyzed the main problems currently faced, including the insufficient construction of high standard agricultural infrastructure, the increasingly fierce competition for land resources between grain and economic crops, and the low self-sufficiency rate of hybrid indica rice varieties. It proposed straitegy such as accelerating the high-quality construction of agricultural infrastructure, utilizing the advantages of inter-subspecies hybridization, breeding new water-saving and drought-resistant rice varieties, and strengthening the integrated promotion of green and high-efficient models, to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the sustainable and high-quality development of the rice industry in Yunnan Province.

Tobacco- faba bean -rice rotation is one of the important technical measures for optimizing soil structure, reducing pest and disease incidence, and improving the quality of tobacco leaves in tobacco-growing areas. To enrich the resource of high-quality rice varieties suitable for the tobacco- faba bean-rice rotation in Yuxi, Yunnan, this study explored the feasibility of introducing high-quality early-maturing japonica rice varieties from Heilongjiang to the Yuxi tobacco-growing area. Using cold-region high-quality japonica rice varieties Longdao 18, Longdao 21, Songgeng 9 and Songgeng 22 as experimental materials, a field comparative trial was conducted in Yuxi City, Yunnan Province, and Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province in 2023. In terms of light and heat resources, the active accumulated temperature during the rice growing season(May to September) in Yuxi, Yunnan, and Harbin, Heilongjiang, was 3,344.5 ℃ and 3,076.4 ℃, respectively, with average temperatures of 21.9 ℃ and 20.1 ℃, daily temperature ranges of 9.3 ℃ and 10.6 ℃, and sunshine hours of 737.0 h and 1,226.6 h, respectively. In terms of growth and development, the days from transplanting to maturity for Longdao 18, Longdao 21, Songgeng9 and Songgeng 22 in Yuxi were shortened by 6 d, 4 d, 5 d, and 4 d, respectively, compared to Harbin. Among them, the days from transplanting to tillering were shortened by 13 d, 12 d, 12 d, and 11 d, respectively; the days from tillering to initial heading were shortened by 14 d, 13 d, 14 d, and 18 d, respectively; the days from initial heading to full heading were increased by 6 d, 3 d, 4 d, and 3 d, respectively; and the days from full heading to maturity were increased by 15 d, 18 d, 17 d, and 22 d, respectively. In terms of yield, compared to Harbin, the actual yield of Longdao 21 and Songgeng 22 in Yuxi increased by 2.82% and 9.04%, respectively, while the actual yield of Longdao 18 and Songgeng 9 decreased by 4.89% and 6.55%, respectively. Except for Songgeng 22, the yield differences between the two locations for the other varieties did not reach a significant level. Further analisis of the yield composition factors of various varieties revealed the number of panicles per unit area increased, but there was a downward trend in the number of grains per panicle, seed setting rate, and thousand-grain weight for most varieties. The number of grains per unit area (number of panicles per unit area × number of grains per panicle) was the key factor affecting yield changes. In terms of quality traits, the brown rice rate, milled rice rate, whole milled rice rate, taste value, and amylose content of all varieties decreased to varying degrees, while the protein content generally increased; there was no clear pattern in the changes of chalky grain rate and chalkiness degree. In summary, Yuxi, Yunnan, has similar light and heat resources to Harbin, Heilongjiang, during the rice growing season. The introduction of Heilongjiang rice varieties to Yuxi can effectively shorten the period from transplanting to maturity, better adapting to the tobacco- faba bean-rice rotation mode. Introducing varieties with a higher number of panicles can help ensure rice yield under the tobacco- faba bean-rice rotation mode.

In order to improve the efficiency of fertilization in paddy fields, an experiment was conducted in the winter paddy fields in Sichuan Province to investigate the effects of different fertilization methods on the yield of ratoon rice and the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in aboveground plant parts. Based on previous research results, we developed a high-yield, high-efficiency, and fertilizer saving application technology for hybrid med-season rice-ratoon rice in winter paddy fields. The results showed that, compared with the currently widely promoted high-yield fertilization method of hybrid med-season rice-ratoon rice, the new technology could save fertilizer usage by 3.70-8.70 kg/667 m², reduce fertilization frequency by 3 times, and save fertilization labor costs of 68.0-75.0 yuan/667 m². This technology provides technical support for high-yield and efficient fertilization of ratoon rice in winter paddy field areas in Sichuan Province.

This study aims to explore the effects of different irrigation amounts and planting densities on the yield, water consumption, and water use efficiency of rice under film drip irrigation, and to determine the optimal combination of irrigation amount and planting density that can synergistically increase yield and water use efficiency. A split-zone design method was used, with the main treatment being the irrigation amount, set at three levels: 750.0 mm (W1), 975.0 mm (W2), and 1200.0 mm (W3); and the sub-treatment being the planting density, set at three levels: 364 000 hills/hm² (D1), 444 000 hills/hm²(D2), and 571 000 hills/hm²(D3). The results showed that rice yield, water consumption, and water use efficiency were all affected by irrigation levels, planting density, and their interactive effects. In terms of yield, the treatments of W2 and W3 had similar yields, which were significantly higher than W1 by 35.66% and 36.86%, respectively. Compared to D1 and D2 treatments, the yield of D3 treatment was significantly increased by 60.54% and 12.79%, respectively. High-density planting combined with medium to high irrigation amounts (W2D3 and W3D3 treatments) could result in higher rice yields. Water consumption of W2 treatment was significantly increased by 26.69% compared to W1 treatment, but was significantly decreased by 17.13% compared to W3 treatment. Although D3 treatment had the highest water consumption, it was only 1.63% and 1.47% higher than D1 and D2 treatments, respectively. The treatments of W3D1, W3D2, and W3D3 had higher water consumption, indicating that irrigation amount is the main factor affecting rice water consumption. The water use efficiency of W2 treatment was 4.02 kg/(hm²·mm), which was 6.91% and 20.00% higher than W1 and W3 treatments, respectively. The water use efficiency of D3 treatment was 4.31 kg/(hm²·mm), which was 52.30% and 8.02% higher than D1 and D2 treatments respectively. Among all treatment combinations, W1D2, W2D3, and W3D3 treatments had the highest water use efficiency, with values of 4.45, 4.87, and 4.41 kg/(hm²·mm), respectively. When the irrigation amount was 975.00 mm and the planting density was 571 000 hills/hm², both rice yield and water use efficiency reached a high level.

A comparative experiment of Yongyou series indica-japonica hybrid rice as ratoon rice was carried out in Ningbo in 2023, aiming to screen new high-yield and high-quality ratoon rice varieties suitable for promotion and cultivation in Eastern Zhejiang, and improve the comprehensive production capacity of ratoon rice in the Eastern Zhejiang and promote the development of the rice industry. Comprehensively considering of the performance of the five tested varieties in terms of two-season yield, regrowth ability, and quality of ratoon rice, Yongyou 4901 and Yongyou 6760 performed particularly well, with moderate maturity, high yield, strong regrowth ability, and excellent quality of ratoon rice, making them suitable for promotion as ratoon rice in the Eastern Zhejiang. Yongyou 1540 also showed good yield and regrowth ability, but its growth period is relatively long, in order to ensure full heading safely in the southern region of Ningbo, scientific cultivation management measures such as early sowing and increasing the height of stubble retention should be taken.

Rice bakanae disease is one of the important diseases in rice production, occurring from the seedling stage to the heading stage, with particularly severe symptoms during the seedling stage. Currently, the methods for controlling rice bakanae disease are relatively simple, mainly relying on soaking seeds by fungicides. This study investigated the effects of various factors, such as whether to sun the seeds, whether to use fungicides seed soaking, and different seed treatment agents, on seed germination rate and the occurrence of rice bakanae disease. The results showed that sunning the seeds for 1-2 days not only promoted seed germination but also improved the control effect on rice bakanae disease. Among the tested seed treatment agents, 500 times diluted 11% metalaxyl fludioxonil fluxapyroxad had outstanding control effects on rice bakanae disease. It is recommended to sun the seeds before soaking, use 500 times diluted 11% metalaxyl fludioxonil fluxapyroxad as the seed treatment agent for soaking at an appropriate temperature, and then promote germination at a suitable temperature after soaking to ensure seed germination rate and reduce the occurrence of rice bakanae disease.

To improve the efficiency and accuracy of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline(2-AP) detection, the experiment selected 4 fragrant rice varieties as materials and used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technology to detect the content of 2-AP in fragrant rice under different storage, processing, and extraction methods. The experiment set up 4 storage temperatures (25 ℃, 4 ℃, -20 ℃, -80 ℃), 4 milling times (15 s, 30 s, 60 s, 90 s), and 18 extraction methods (ultrasonic extraction, 70 ℃ water bath heating extraction, ultrasonic+70 ℃ water bath heating extraction, with extraction times of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 h). The results showed that the content of 2-AP in fragrant rice stored at -20 ℃ and -80 ℃ was significantly higher than that stored at other temperatures, with no significant difference between -20 ℃ and -80 ℃ storage temperatures. The Milling time significantly affected the 2-AP content in fragrant rice, with the lowest 2-AP content observed after 30 seconds of milling and a high level reached at 60 seconds. Ultrasonic extraction and 70 ℃ water bath heating extraction showed the best effect after 4 hours of extraction, after which the 2-AP content began to decrease. To ensure accuracy and efficient detection of 2-AP in fragrant rice, the following measures are recommended: store fragrat rice samples at -20 ℃ after maturation, prioritize ultrasonic extraction or 70 ℃ water bath extraction, and control milling time to 60 s to minimize the loss of 2-AP.

To investigate the effects of sowing density on lodging resistance, yield, yield formation and quality of rice under mechanical strip sowing mode, the experiment were conducted using conventional japonica rice varieties Nangeng 9108 and Nangeng 5718 as materials, with five sowing densities set for each variety, namely 90.0, 112.5, 135.0, 157.5, and 180.0 kg/hm². The results showed that with the increase of sowing density, the number of tillers and effective ears increased, while the plant height, ear length, and bending resistance decreased, the yield first increased and then decreased. With the increase of sowing density, the brown rice rate, polished rice rate, and whole polished rice rate first increased and then decreased, while the protein content first decreased and then increased. Nangeng 9108 and Nangeng 5718 achieved their highest yields at sowing densities of 112.5 kg/hm² and 135.0 kg/hm², respectively. The yield and appearance quality of Nangeng 5718 were better than those of Nangeng 9108, but the processing quality and taste were not as good as those of Nangeng 9108.

The conventional early indica rice variety Zhongzu 100 has the characteristics of excellent plant type, strong tillering ability, high seed setting rate, strong resistance, and high yield. In 2024, this variety created a new historical record for early rice yield in Zhejiang's research field with a yield of 11.32 t/hm², 0.10 t/hm² higher than the previous highest yield record (11.22 t/hm²) achieved by Zhongzao 39 in Zhuji County in 2016. At the same time, the yield of 11.25 t/hm² in the hundred-mu demonstration plot of early rice also broke the record for the “Peak of Zhejiang Agriculture”. This article introduced the characteristics of achieving super-high-yield of Zhongzu 100 and elaborated on the key cultivation techniques for achieving breakthroughs in high yield of Zhongzu 100.

This paper explores the new quality development of Zhejiang rice food culture and the innovation paths of the value chain from the perspective of the integration of the primary, secondary, and tertiary industries, following the historical context of the origin and development of rice food and dietary culture. By reviewing historical literature and folklore materials, as well as conducting field investigations into the dietary culture and current situation of the rice food industry in Zhejiang Province, the paper systematically outlines the evolution and development of Zhejiang rice food culture from ancient times to modern society. It proposes value chain optimization strategies on both the supply and demand sides, such as the application of new technologies, the development of new business formats, and new sales models, to promote the value innovation of Zhejiang rice food culture and better meet the growing diverse and personalized needs of the people.

Agricultural science popularization research study activities have become an important supplement to the “second classroom” for teenagers, with their populatity increasingly rising across the country. Many agricultural research institutions have actively participated in these activities. The arrangement of research and study courses includes theoretical popularization as well as practical operations tailored to local conditions, which are well-received by local primary and secondary schools. These courses could influence adolescents’ career planning positively and unconsciously through various means such as visits, experiences, and interactions.