水稻不仅是我国也是世界主要的粮食作物，同样也是农业水资源第一大消费者。水分高效利用一直是水稻资源利用效率的研究热点。本文从水分利用效率的内涵、水稻需水特性、水稻的株型、叶型、气孔特性、叶片光合与蒸腾特性、根系形态生理与水分的吸收和运输、植物激素、分子机制等方面概述了水稻水分高效利用的机理；研究了环境因素、土壤特性、水分管理方式、肥料施用等方面对水稻水分高效利用的影响，分析了目前存在的问题和对未来研究的展望。

Rice is main food crop in China and around world, and it is the biggest consumer in the agricultural water resources. The water use efficiency of rice has always been a research hotspot in resource use efficiency of agriculture. This study summarized the mechanism of high water use efficiency in rice from the definition of water use efficiency, water-requiring property, plant type, leaf type, stomatal characteristics, leaf photosynthesis and transpiration characteristics, root morphology and physiology, water absorption and transportation, plant hormones and molecular mechanisms. The effects of environmental factors, soil characteristics, water management, fertilizer application and other aspects on the high water use efficiency in rice were investigated, and the existing problems and prospects for future research were analyzed.