江西是我国双季稻的优势产区,在保障国家粮食安全方面发挥着重要作用。以世界稻作文化发源地之一、古时贡米之乡的江西省万年县为例,通过实地调研和文献资料收集,分析了万年县水稻生产的熟制结构和农户在熟制选择中的考虑因素。结果表明,与近40年江西省水稻种植面积呈现正反“W”型变化特点相似,万年县双季稻呈现先减后增再减的变化特点,而单季稻呈现出持续增加的特点;农户熟制选择受地块特征和地理位置影响较大,城郊和滨湖平原地区的双季稻面积占绝对优势,而丘陵地区的单季稻种植面积在进一步扩大;经济效益和政策因素是农户水稻熟制选择的重要原因,而绿肥种植主要依靠政府政策的引导;劳动力状况和农业生产技术也是农户熟制选择的两大因素。因此,要加强冬闲田的开发利用、恢复绿肥生产、提高复种指数,努力做到土地用养结合、地力常新。调整作物结构、优化种植模式、引导农户遵循“绿色协调发展” 的原则选择合适的种植模式,进行合理的熟制配置,以此构建水稻生产绿色发展结构体系。

Jiangxi is the dominant double cropping rice producing area in China, which plays an important role in ensuring national food security. Taking Wannian County of Jiangxi Province, the birthplace of rice culture in the world and the hometown of ancient tribute rice, as an example, this paper systematically analyzed the situation of rice production and planting structure and the reasons behind the farmers' choice of rice cropping system from the aspects of planting mode and farmers' selection factors. The results showed that, similar to the feature of positive and inverted “W” of rice planting area in Jiangxi Province in recent 40 years, the feature of double cropping rice in Wannian County decreased first, then increased and then decreased, while that of single cropping rice showed a trend of continuous increase. The choice of cropping system is greatly affected by the characteristics of land and geographical location. The double cropping rice area in the suburbs and lakeside plain areas is dominant, while the single cropping rice planting area in hilly areas is further expanded. Economic benefits and policy factors are the main reasons for farmers' choice for rice planting mode, while green manure planting mainly depends on the guidance of government policies. Labor status and agriculture technology are also the two major factors influencing farmers' choice. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the development and utilization of winter fallow fields, restore the production of green manure, improve the multiple cropping index, and strive to achieve the combination of land use and maintenance to keep soil fertility. In order to construct the green development structure system of rice production, we should adjust the crop structure, optimize the planting mode, guide the farmers to choose the appropriate planting mode according to the principle of “green and coordinated development”, and carry out the reasonable configuration of the multiple cropping system.