我国农作物秸秆资源具有储量丰富、种类多样、分布广泛的特点，有效利用农作物秸秆资源，是现代农业生产面临的一项重大挑战，也是亟待攻克的关键技术课题，将秸秆转化为肥料加以利用，是秸秆综合利用的主要途径。本文详细阐述了秸秆肥料化利用的3种主要方式——直接还田、堆肥还田和炭化还田，并分析了各自的优缺点。结合大田试验结果发现，秸秆直接还田、堆肥还田和炭化还田均能有效降低土壤容重、提高土壤孔隙度以及增加土壤有机质含量。此外，堆肥还田和炭化还田在防治病虫害、减少杂草滋生方面效果显著，对于推动农业绿色发展、助力农业低碳转型具有积极作用。

China’s crop straw resources are characterized by abundant reserves, diverse types, and widespread distribution. Effectively utilizing these crop straw resources represents a significant challenge in modern agricultural production and is also a crucial technological issue that urgently needs to be addressed. Among various utilization methods, converting straw into fertilizer for use is the primary approach for comprehensive straw utilization. This paper elaborates on three main methods of straw fertilizer utilization—direct return to the field, compost return to the field, and carbonization return to the field—and analyzes their respective advantages and disadvantages. Based on field trial results, it has been found that all three methods—direct return to the field, compost return to the field, and carbonization return to the field—can effectively reduce soil bulk density, increase soil porosity, and enhance soil organic matter content. Furthermore, compost return to the field and carbonization return to the field demonstrate significant effects in pest and disease control, as well as in reducing weed growth, playing a positive role in promoting green agricultural development and facilitating the transition to low-carbon agriculture.