Abstract:

Rice false smut (RFS), caused by the filamentous fungus Ustilaginoidea virens, is a typical “old disease with new outbreaks” affecting rice panicles. The pathogen primarily invades the spikelets during the booting stage, colonizes and infects the floral silk tissues, ultimately forming yellowish, dark green, or blackish-green false smut balls. This infection process not only directly leads to significant reductions in seed setting rate, thousand-grain weight, and milling quality but also poses a potential threat to food safety due to toxins produced by the fungus. Currently, RFS has evolved into a major global biological disaster, occurring in 59 countries and affecting over 60.0% of rice-growing areas worldwide. Yield losses typically range from 0 to 44.0%, and can even reach up to 70.0% under extreme conditions. The escalating epidemic trend is driven synergistically by modern agricultural practices (such as the widespread cultivation of high-yielding hybrid rice and excessive nitrogen fertilizer inputs) and global climate change. Significant differences in resistance exist among rice varieties. Generally, early-maturing and loose-panicle types exhibit stronger resistance, no completely immune germplasm resources have been identified to date. Given the scarcity of resistant elite cultivars, chemical control remains the predominant strategy in current production systems. Its efficacy heavily depends on precise timing and fungicide selection; practical experience indicates that applying fungicides once at the early booting stage and again between initial heading and 50% heading can effectively block fungal infection. In summary, rice false smut has transformed from a regional sporadic disease into a critical bottleneck threatening global rice production security. Addressing this challenge requires an urgent integration of resistant genetic breeding and precision green control strategies to establish an environmentally friendly, sustainable, and comprehensive management system, thereby ensuring the stability and safety of the global food supply chain.

Key words: rice, rice false smut, green control, resistant breeding

摘要：

由丝状真菌Ustilaginoidea virens引起的稻曲病（rice false smut, RFS）是典型的“老病新发”穗部病害。该病原菌主要在水稻孕穗期侵入颖壳，定殖并侵染花丝组织，最终形成黄色、墨绿乃至黑绿色的稻曲球。这一为害过程不仅直接导致结实率、千粒重及加工品质的显著下降，更因病菌产生的毒素而对食品安全构成潜在威胁。目前，RFS已演变为全球性重大生物灾害，遍布59个国家，波及超过60.0%的水稻种植面积，减产幅度通常为0~44.0%，极端情况下甚至高达70.0%。其流行态势的加剧，是现代农业生产模式（如高产杂交稻的大面积推广、氮肥的过量投入）与全球气候变化协同驱动的结果。不同水稻品种间的抗性存在显著差异，一般而言，早熟、散穗型品种表现出更强的抗性，目前尚未发现具有完全免疫能力的种质资源。鉴于抗病优良品种的匮乏，化学防治仍是当前生产上的主导手段。其防效高度依赖于施药时机与药剂，实践表明，在孕穗初期及始穗至50%抽穗期各施1次药，可有效阻断病菌的侵染进程。综上所述，稻曲病已从区域性偶发病害演变为制约全球水稻安全生产的重大瓶颈。面对这一挑战，亟须整合抗病遗传育种与精准绿色防控策略，构建一套环境友好、可持续的综合治理体系，以保障全球粮食供应链的稳定与安全。

关键词: 水稻, 稻曲病, 绿色防控, 抗病育种