Grain development is greatly relate to the grain policy of a country or region. Social is stable when grain policy promotes grain production and equilibrium distribution, and is not stable when tax is too much and other grain policy inhibits grain production. In china, since the ancient times, many grain policy established from rice and rice production, even named as “rice”, such as “provincial governors assuming responsiblity for the rice bag”. Rice and grain policy of ancient and modern China before reform and opening up are discussed in the paper.