Jiangxi is the dominant double cropping rice producing area in China, which plays an important role in ensuring national food security. Taking Wannian County of Jiangxi Province, the birthplace of rice culture in the world and the hometown of ancient tribute rice, as an example, this paper systematically analyzed the situation of rice production and planting structure and the reasons behind the farmers' choice of rice cropping system from the aspects of planting mode and farmers' selection factors. The results showed that, similar to the feature of positive and inverted “W” of rice planting area in Jiangxi Province in recent 40 years, the feature of double cropping rice in Wannian County decreased first, then increased and then decreased, while that of single cropping rice showed a trend of continuous increase. The choice of cropping system is greatly affected by the characteristics of land and geographical location. The double cropping rice area in the suburbs and lakeside plain areas is dominant, while the single cropping rice planting area in hilly areas is further expanded. Economic benefits and policy factors are the main reasons for farmers' choice for rice planting mode, while green manure planting mainly depends on the guidance of government policies. Labor status and agriculture technology are also the two major factors influencing farmers' choice. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the development and utilization of winter fallow fields, restore the production of green manure, improve the multiple cropping index, and strive to achieve the combination of land use and maintenance to keep soil fertility. In order to construct the green development structure system of rice production, we should adjust the crop structure, optimize the planting mode, guide the farmers to choose the appropriate planting mode according to the principle of “green and coordinated development”, and carry out the reasonable configuration of the multiple cropping system.