In order to clarify the effects of straw returning to the field on yield and quality of rice under different soil background, a pot experiment was conducted using japonica variety Liaogeng 2501 as material, the yield and quality performance of Liaogeng 2501 of different treatments （sandy loam, sandy loam + straw returning, saline-alkali soil, saline-alkali soil + straw returning, brown soil clay, brown soil clay + straw returning） under the condition of total applied pure nitrogen amount of 200 kg/hm² was compared and analyzed. The results indicated that, compared with no straw returning, the yield of total straw-returning treatment increased by 4.45% in brown soil, however, the yield decreased significantly under sandy loam and saline-alkali soil with a decrease of 2.20% and 3.84%. The number of spikelets per panicle, especially the number of spikelets per secondary stalk was increased effectively with total straw returning under different soil backgrounds, but the number of effective panicles was decreased under saline-alkali soil and sandy loam. The total straw returning significantly increased the gel consistency and taste value of rice, but reduced the chalky grain rate and chalkiness degree of rice in the background of saline-alkali soil and sandy loam.