Rice is the most important staple crop in China. Breeding and application of new rice cultivars have made a huge contribution to China’s rice production. China’s modern rice breeding was originated in 1920s and under went one-hundred years. During this period, pure line selection, hybridization breeding, mutation breeding and molecular breeding were developed as main techniques for rice improvement in China. They produced three breakthroughs of rice breeding, i.e. semi-dwarf breeding, heterosis breeding and super rice breeding, which resulted in enhancing the China’s rice production from 200 kg/667 m² in 1950s to 470 kg/667 m² in current year. To meet the food demands in the future, it is significant to breed new varietal types such C4 rice, nitrogen-fixation rice, saline-alkali tolerance rice, drought tolerance rice and apomixes rice etc.