Since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, China’s rice science and technology have been made a major breakthrough, the yield per unit area has hit a new high continuously, the annual per capita rice share exceeds 150 kg, the supply and demand of rice has achieved a historic leap from a long-term shortage to an over-balanced total, and the proportion of good-quality rice has continued to increase. Rice market has moved from unified purchases and sales to contracted purchases, from protection-price purchases to market-supported purchases, the degree of marketization has been deepening, the state macro-control ability has been enhanced, the price of rice market has been rising steadily. Chinese government continues to strengthen the macro-control of rice trade. In most years since the reform and opening up, China has been a net exporter of rice and an important rice supplier in the international market. However, the amount of imported rice by China has increased rapidly since 2011, and the net import of rice has gradually emerged. In the long term, China’s rice production, market, trade and other aspects still have some prominent problems. We need to accelerate the breeding and extension of good-quality and high-yield rice varieties, popularize green, good-quality and efficient production technology, and promote the green and high-quality development of the rice industry.