Six treatments were set to study the effects of photosynthetic bacteria （PSB） alone and in combination with urea on soil physical and chemical properties, enzyme activities, and the agronomic traits, yield and quality of rice Xingengyi 7. The six treatments are: T1, urea 0 kg/667 m²+ PSB 54 kg/667 m²; T2, urea 25 kg/667 m²+ PSB 54 kg/667 m²; T3, urea 30 kg/667 m²+ PSB 54 kg/667 m²; T4, urea 35 kg/667 m²+ PSB 54 kg/667 m²; T5, urea 40 kg/667 m²+ PSB 54 kg kg/667 m²; CK, urea 0 kg/667 m²+ PSB 0 kg/667 m². The results showed that compared with CK, the soil organic carbon content of T1 treatment increased significantly, while total phosphorus content decreased significantly; the soil urease and nitrate reductase activities of T1 treatment decreased significantly, while the activity of nitrite reductase increased significantly; the rice yield of T1 treatment increased significantly, 5.19% higher than that of CK. With the increase of urea dosage, various factors in the soil decreased. Among them, the contents of nitrate nitrogen and organic matter in the T3 and T4 treatments were significantly higher than those in the T1, T2 and T5 treatments. With the increase of urea dosage, soil urease activity showed a very significant linear growth trend, nitrite reductase and nitrate reductase activities first decreased and then increased, but the difference between treatments was not significant. With the increase of urea dosage, rice panicle length, plant height, yield and head rice rate showed a linear increase trend, while the milled rice rate first increased and then decreased. Pearson correlation analysis showed that urea and nitrate nitrogen had a very significant or significant positive correlation with urease activity, and ammonia nitrogen content had a significant positive correlation with nitrate reductase activity. Multi-factor correlation analysis showed that urea was the main influencing factor in soil enzyme activity. Soil enzyme activities play a major role in the agronomic traits, yield and quality of rice. In summary, the application of PSB on its own or combined with urea could significantly activate the soil enzymes involved in nitrogen transformation, thereby promoting the increase in yield and processing quality of rice.