In this study, two types of rice varieties with differences in tillering capacity and panicle size were selected as materials to conduct an in-depth exploration of the material production characteristics of high-yielding populations (with a yield higher than 9 750 kg/hm²) of super rice and conventional rice varieties in cold regions. The results showed that high-yielding populations exhibited the following notable characteristics at the heading stage: the population biomass, leaf weight, and stem-sheath weight were all at high levels, accounting for relatively large proportions of the total biomass and grain yield; simultaneously, they possessed a relatively large leaf area index and a high efficient leaf area ratio. From the heading stage to the maturity stage, high-yielding populations demonstrated the characteristic of a relatively high net accumulation of dry matter, accounting for a relatively large proportion of the total biomass and grain yield; they had a strong ability to produce photosynthetic substances, specifically manifested as a low leaf area decline rate, and relatively high values of leaf area duration, population growth rate, and net assimilation rate; in addition, the output and translocation of stem-sheath substances were coordinated and orderly, with relatively high values of filled grain number per unit leaf area and grain weight per unit leaf area. During the late growth stage, high-yielding populations not only needed to have a large population sink capacity but also should maintain relatively high levels of plumpness and total plumpness, while retaining strong lodging resistance.