The Chinese government has consistently placed food security work at a strategic height in national development, attaching great importance to it and continuously advancing relevant efforts. Rice, as a crucial staple food crop in China, enhancing its per-unit yield is a key measure to ensure the absolute security of the country’s staple food supply. From a global perspective, China’s rice yield per unit area is relatively high, so this also means there is a lack of readily applicable successful experiences and mature practices from other countries to borrow. Meanwhile, China’s rice production is confronted with numerous practical challenges. On one hand, there are significant differences in yield per unit area among different rice-growing regions, and the yield potential in some regions has not been fully tapped. On the other hand, extreme climate events have become more frequent in recent years. Natural disasters such as droughts, floods, and high-temperature heat damage have severely impacted rice growth, further increasing the difficulty of improving per-unit yield. In response to the various factors restricting the enhancement of rice yield per unit area over large areas in China, this paper conducts an in-depth analysis of the feasibility and potential opportunities for improving China’s rice yield per unit area. Based on this, it further explores the technical challenges faced in the process of promoting yield improvement in different rice-growing regions, clarifies the key tasks for each region, and elaborates in detail on the supporting service tasks that go along with them. The aim is to provide comprehensive, scientific, and targeted guidance and references for enhancing rice yield per unit area over large areas in China.