The vegetable-rice rotation model is an efficient and ecological planting pattern that enables the dual harvest of grain and cash crops. This study takes tomato as the research object, conducting an in-depth comparison of the impacts of two different rotation models, namely “greenhouse tomato-single-season rice” and “greenhouse tomato-Chinese cabbage” on soil properties, tomato growth conditions, and production benefits, and the effects of the “greenhouse tomato-single-season rice” rotation model on rice growth and yield. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for promoting the “greenhouse vegetable-rice” model, which stabilizes grain production and enhances efficiency. The results indicated that the “greenhouse tomato-single-season rice” rotation model reduced the content of readily available potassium and available phosphorus in the soil. This effectively alleviated soil acidification, improved the soil’s physicochemical properties and microbial community structure, and thereby promoted soil health and crop growth. Under this rotation model, it is recommended to select early-maturing rice varieties with a short growth period, excellent quality, and strong disease resistance, and sow them directly before July 15. Under these conditions, the yield of conventional rice can be stably maintained at over 364.84 kg/667 m². Although hybrid japonica rice yields higher than conventional japonica rice, it is more prone to false smut. After rotation, the growth vigor of tomato was significantly enhanced, with a yield reached 3,546.75 kg/667 m². Compared with the “greenhouse tomato- Chinese cabbage” model, this model increased yield of 309.81 kg/667 m², resulting in an additional income of 602.00 ￥ /667 m². In summary, the “greenhouse tomato- single-season rice” rotation model not only significantly improves economic benefits but also avoids the conflict between grain and cash crops competing for land. It is conducive to the sustainable development of the facility vegetable industry and the grain industry, demonstrating good potential for promotion.