As a key provincial public brand cultivated by Hubei Province, “Jianghan Rice” shoulders the critical mission of driving the transformation of Hubei’s rice industry from “scale-driven expansion” to “quality-oriented strengthening”. Its core production region, the Jianghan Plain, has emerged as Hubei’s premium rice-producing area, leveraging its unique climatic endowments of abundant temperature, sunlight, and water resources, as well as innovative practices in eco-integrated farming models such as rice-fish co-culture. Against the backdrop of global climate warming, the Jianghan Plain has become the most pronounced warming zone in Hubei over the past six decades. This warming trend yields dual impacts: on one hand, increased accumulated temperature extends the optimal growth period for rice, facilitating yield improvements and expanding the cultivable boundaries of medium- and late-maturing varieties northward and westward; on the other hand, the intensified frequency of extreme climate events—including torrential rains/floods, droughts, and heatwaves—poses severe threats to the stability of rice yields and quality. Through a systematic climate-centric analysis, this paper unveiled the climatic opportunities and risks confronting the development of the “Jianghan Rice” industry: (1) Adaptability disparities among rice varieties to “warm-humid” climate conditions, with certain varieties at risk of shortened growth durations and heightened pest/disease pressures; (2) The sensitivity of key quality-forming stages (grain-filling period) to high-temperature stress, directly impacting rice grain appearance quality and taste attributes; (3) The imperative for systemic reforms in cropping systems triggered by climate warming, which places traditional maturity-type and variety combinations under pressure for reconfiguration. To address these challenges, this paper proposed three strategic pathways: (1) Establishing a “Jianghan Rice” variety breeding and iteration system, prioritizing the development of new varieties with heat tolerance, lodging resistance, and consistent premium yields; (2) Optimizing the spatial layout of industry with climate adaptability by instituting a “variety-region-technology” matching mechanism grounded in climate zoning; (3) Innovating meteorological risk mitigation and insurance service models through the development of climate index insurance products covering the entire industrial chain, thereby constructing a closed-loop management system integrating “pre-disaster early warning, in-disaster response, and post-disaster compensation”.