Integrated rice-aquaculture farming is a typical green circular agricultural model that combines ecological restoration with economic benefits. With the iterative advancement of agricultural science and technology, traditional integrated rice-aquaculture systems are currently at a critical juncture of transitioning toward precision-oriented, digital-intelligent, and green development. From the perspective of fostering location-specific new quality productive forces in the integrated rice-aquaculture industry, this paper systematically reviews recent progress in green and efficient new quality technologies within the two core components of the system: rice cultivation and aquaculture. Special emphasis is placed on the breeding of dedicated new varieties adapted to rice-aquaculture environments, as well as the application status of emerging equipment and technologies—including precision rice sowing and transplanting, seedling growth monitoring, standardized aquaculture seed stock release, precision feeding, and intelligent harvesting. Future development directions are discussed, aiming to provide theoretical references and practical insights for promoting the green, efficient, and new quality development of the integrated rice-aquaculture industry.