As people’s life quality continues to improve, the demand for rice with high nutritional value has been steadily increasing. Leveraging its unique advantages, colored rice has emerged as a new choice on people’s dining tables. However, issues such as its relatively weak resistance and low yield urgently need to be addressed. In this study, a potted experiment was conducted using Yuzihongye 1 and Yuhuangye 1 as the materials to thoroughly explore the effects of foliar spraying of different concentrations of anthocyanins (CK, 0 g/L; T1, 1 g/L; T2, 3 g/L) during the heading stage on the physiological characteristics and yield of colored rice. The results showed that compared with CK, under the T2 treatment, the SPAD values at the top, middle, and base of the first inverted leaf of colored rice all increased significantly, with increases of 7.63%, 4.95%, and 6.26%, respectively. Both T1 and T2 treatments not only enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes in colored rice but also effectively reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Additionally, both T1 and T2 treatments significantly increased the yield of colored rice, with T2 treatment demonstrating the most prominent effect, resulting in yield increases of 12.99% and 8.17% for Yuzihongye 1 and Yuhuangye 1, respectively. This study confirmed that foliar spraying of anthocyanin solution during the heading stage of colored rice could effectively alleviate physiological stress faced by the plants by regulating their antioxidant system, thereby enhancing the responsiveness of the antioxidant enzyme system and ultimately increasing yield.