Abstract:

This article reviewed and briefly summarized the main achievements of the Rice Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences in rice science over the past century. In terms of rice germplasm resources, as the earliest institutions to conduct research on rice germplasm resources, the institute has collected more than 24 000 accessions of cultivated and wild rice germplasms, evaluated and screened a large number of excellent germplasm such as Waixuan 35, and created durable blast-resistant and high-quality breeding parents such as Sanhuangzhan 2, 28 Zhan, and Xiangsimiao 126 that have been widely used in the development of new varieties. In terms of rice breeding, the institute pioneered the hybrid breeding of cultivated rice and wild rice. Through artificial hybridization, it developed the first indica semi-dwarf rice variety Guangchangai, which was widely used in production, thereby opening up a new path for rice dwarf breeding. This led to the rapidly development of major varieties such as Zhenzhuai, Guangluai 4, Guichao 2, Shuanggui 36, and Teqing, and played a significant role in facilitating the First Green Revolution in agricultural history. As one of the earliest institutions to engage in indica high-quality rice breeding, it has successively developed high-quality new varieties such as Shuangzhuzhan, Huanghuazhan, Yuenongsimiao, Meixiangzhan 2, Taifengyou 208, etc., which are planted on a large scale. In hybrid rice breeding, the institute has created wild-abortive type and Honglian type three-line male sterile lines such as Tianfeng A, Wufeng A, Rongfeng A, Congguang 41A, Yuetai A, Yuefeng A, Taifeng A, and Guang 8A, with high combining ability and outcrossing rate, slender grain type and high grain quality. It has also developed temperature-and photoperiod-sensitive restorer lines such as Guanghui 3550, Guanghui 998, and Guanghui 122, which are widely used in hybrid rice breeding and production. The institute has led or collaborated in the development of 45 rice varieties (combinations) with a cumulative planting area exceeding 0.67 million hectares. In rice cultivation techniques, from the summarization of farmers’ high-yield rice cultivation experience, known as the “Chaoshan Experience”, in the 1950s—1960s, to the research on technical regulations for high-yield rice cultivation in the 1980s, the development of rice seedling-throwing technology in the 1990s, and the “three controls” nutrient management technology for rice in the 2000s, etc., the research and development of these cultivation techniques have achieved the integration of good varieties with good methods, playing an extremely important role in achieving high and stable rice grain yields and ensuring the national food security.

Key words: Guangdong, rice, rice germplasm, semi-dwarf rice breeding, high-quality rice breeding, hybrid rice breeding, cultivation techniques, science and technology innovation

摘要：

回顾和简要概述了广东省农业科学院水稻研究所百余年来在稻作科学方面取得的主要成就。在稻种资源方面，作为最早开展稻种资源研究的单位，已收集保存栽培稻和野生稻资源24 000多份，鉴评筛选出外选35等大批优异种质，创制出稻瘟病持久抗性、优质的育种亲本三黄占2号、28占和香丝苗126等广泛应用于新品种培育。在水稻育种方面，开创了栽培稻与野生稻杂交育种先河；通过人工杂交育成最早在生产上大面积应用的籼稻矮秆品种广场矮，从而开辟了水稻矮化育种新途径，进而培育出珍珠矮、广陆矮4号、桂朝2号、双桂36、特青等大品种，为农业史上的第一次绿色革命发挥了重要推动作用；作为最早开展籼型优质稻育种单位，先后育成了双竹占、黄华占、粤农丝苗、美香占2号、泰丰优208等大面积种植的优质新品种；在杂交稻育种方面，创制出野败型、红莲型高配合力、高异交率和细长粒型优质三系不育系天丰A、五丰A、荣丰A、丛广41A、粤泰A、粤丰A、泰丰A和广8A等，创制出感温与感光型恢复系广恢3550、广恢998、广恢122等，广泛应用于杂交稻育种与生产；主持和合作育成累计推广面积超千万亩的水稻品种（组合）45个。在水稻栽培方面，从20世纪50—60年代农民水稻高产经验——“潮汕经验”的总结，到80年代的水稻高产栽培技术规程研究、90年代的水稻抛秧技术和21世纪的水稻“三控”施肥技术等，这些栽培技术的研发，实现了广东省水稻生产良种良法配套，为水稻高产稳产和国家粮食安全发挥了极其重要的作用。

关键词: 广东, 水稻, 稻种资源, 水稻矮化育种, 优质稻育种, 杂交稻育种, 栽培技术, 科技创新