Jiangxi Province is one of China’s major rice-producing regions. Steadily advancing the project to increase large-scale rice yield per unit area in Jiangxi is of great significance for ensuring national food security. In recent years, although rice yield per unit area in Jiangxi has grown steadily, it still lags behind the national average, and considerable potential remains in achieving balanced yield increases, variety-driven yield increases, technology-driven yield increases, and disaster-mitigation-based yield increases. To promote large-scale rice yield enhancement in Jiangxi, the following problems and challenges must be addressed: (1) insufficient capacity for variety breeding and innovation, with a lack of breakthrough high-yield varieties; (2) prominent issues of soil acidification and nutrient imbalance, and an urgent need to improve topsoil quality; (3) low integration of high-yield technologies, coupled with regional imbalances in their promotion and application; (4) an underdeveloped grassroots agricultural technology extension system and weak socialized service capacity; and (5) a fragile disaster prevention and mitigation system, and an incomplete risk protection mechanism. To tackle these challenges and facilitate large-scale rice yield improvement in Jiangxi, it is recommended to coordinate efforts along the following pathways: integrate scientific and technological innovation resources and focus on breakthroughs in breeding key varieties; systematically improve soil quality and jointly enhance basic farmland productivity; promote the integration and standardization of high-yield technologies and accelerate localized transformation and application of results; innovate agricultural technology extension models and raise the effectiveness of socialized services; and improve the disaster prevention and mitigation system and strengthen comprehensive risk response capabilities.