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20 July 2015, Volume 21 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Studies on Matching Technology of “Four Elite Factors” for Super Hybrid Rice with Yield 15.0 t/hm2 LI Jian-Wu-1, ZHANG Yu-Zhu-3, WU Jun-1, CHANG Shuo-Qi-1, ZHUANG Wen-1, ZHOU Ping-2, DENG Qi-Yun-12* 2015, 21(4): 1-6.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (753KB) ( )   New rice yield record was continued to be made under the idea of morphological improvement and heterosis utilization in recent years. The latest breakthrough of yield has been made last year and the new world record is 15.4 t/hm2 in Xupu County, Hunan Province, China. In this paper, the phase IV leading combination YLY900 was used as experimental material, and the control varieties were the phase III typical combination YLY 2 and the classical three-line combination Shanyou 63. The four elite factors in order to reveal the essence of high yield achieved in super hybrid rice were studied. These findings will provide theoretical basis and technical reference for super hybrid rice breeding and super high-yielding cultivation techniques. The main results were summarized as follows：（1）“Elite variety”: YLY900 had higher yield potential of 11.8 t/hm2 in normal ecological conditions, and the yield of YLY900 is 6.3% and 37.2% higher than that of YLY2 and SY63, respectively. The advantages were as follows: YLY900 had good plant type and high photosynthetic efficiency; YLY900 had reasonable tillering dynamics and high percentage of earbearing tiller; YLY900 had photosynthetic physiology advantage in middle and later stages; YLY900 had large panicle with high seed setting rate, which had enough “source”，large “sink” and fluent “flow”. （2） “Elite methods”: The total number of spikelets was up to about 5.0×107 per 667 m2, which guaranteed the grain yield is more than 15.0 t/hm2; Postponing nitrogen application and panicle fertilizer application time were crucial to super high-yielding. （3）“Elite field”: The high soil nutrient content and good air permeability of soil particle composition were the base of super high-yielding. （4） “Elite ecotype”: The excellent climatic ecological condition is a guarantee to obtain super high-yielding. The desirable climatic conditions for super high-yielding cultural techniques were as follows: average daily temperature of canopy during jointing stage to maturation stage is 25℃～28℃; the temperature difference between day and night is more than 10℃; the active accumulated temperature during the whole growth period is more than 3700℃; the sunshine hours is more than 1 200 hours.

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Research on Rice Mechanized Seedling Substrate in China LIN Yu-Jiong, ZHANG Jun-Hua, HU Zhi-Hua, ZHU Lian-Feng, YU Sheng-Miao, JIN Qian-Yu-* 2015, 21(4): 7-13.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (915KB) ( )   Rice seedling substrates in China have been studied since 1970s. Developing rice substrate is the key point to improve the mechanized planting technology. Appropriate substrate can enhance the rice seedlings quality which was suitable for machine-transplanted and conducive to the development of full mechanization in rice cultivation. This paper introduced the history of the rice substrates, types and properties. The problems for rice substrate study were analyzed and the development trend was also pointed out in this paper, which was beneficial to the research and extension of rice seedling substrate and could provide a reference for promoting the rice planting mechanization.

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Research advances in the Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Chalkiness Formation in Rice LIN Zhao-Miao-1, ZHENG De-Yi-1, ZHANG Xin-Cheng-1, LIU Zheng-Hui-1 2*, WANG Shao-Hua-1, DING Yan-Feng-1 2 2015, 21(4): 14-19.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (738KB) ( )   Chalkiness is the opaque portion of rice endosperm, and high chalky rice rate has been one of the main obstacles for japonica rice production in southern China. Recent studies showed that only three QTLs for grain chalkiness were fine mapped and cloned, and 16 genes were identified with chalkiness occurrence, which take part in the biogenesis or degradation of starch and protein. However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying chalkiness formation are still poorly understood, that are limited by experimental materials and techniques, and due to complex traits of chalkiness be controlled by genotype and environment. Further studies are essential by using typical materials and system biology approach to investigate the carbon-nitrogen metabolism of developing grain in rice. A deep understanding of physiological mechanism in chalkiness formation would be of significance in both rice improvement and cultivation practices to reduce chalky rice rate of japonica rice production in southern China.

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Progress and Prospects of Rice Grain - filling LI Yin-Yin, CHEN Jing, ZHOU Qun, XU Geng-Wen, RUI Meng-Kai, XU Xin-Jie, ZHANG Hao-* 2015, 21(4): 20-24.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (675KB) ( )   Rice grain filling is an important process of yield formation, determining the setting rate, grain weight and rice quality. The study provides an overview of the biological characteristics of rice grain filling, influential factors, and research progress of the physiological basis. The existing problems and research prospects of rice grain filling are put forward.

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Physiological Limitations and Possible Improve Approaches of Rice Photosynthesis ZHOU Zhen-Xiang, LI Zhi-Kang, DAI Qi-Xing, KONG Xiang-Sheng, WANG Zhi-Qin, GU Jun-Fei 2015, 21(4): 25-32.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (925KB) ( )   Photosynthesis is a complicate biosynthetic process, which plays an important role in determining the potential yield of rice. The direction of improving rice yield has been shifted from selecting optimal plant architecture and increase harvest index to improve photosynthetic rate or photosynthetic efficiency. This review summarized the physiological limitations in both light reaction and dark reaction of rice photosynthesis and concluded the potential improve approaches, including: optimize canopy chlorophyll concentration, increase the carboxylase activity of Rubisco, bypass photorespiration, balance RuBP regeneration and carboxylation, etc. We also discussed the essential challenges of improving rice photosynthetic performances, such as decrease the oxygenase activity of Rubisco, improve mesophyll conductance and construct C4 rice. The basic difference between C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathway is C4 pathway has the so-called CO2-concentration mechanism. It ensures C4 plant having higher photosynthetic rate and photo-efficiency. Introducing key enzymes and genes of photosynthesis through genetic engineering technology will be helpful for improving rice photosynthesis and further increasing rice yield in the future.

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Effects of High Temperature at Vegetative Stage on Rice Growth and Dry Weight WANG Qi-Mei, LI Yan, LIU Ming, LI Gang-Hua-*, LIU Zheng-Hui, TANG She, DING Cheng-Qiang, WANG Shao-Hua, DING Yan-Feng 2015, 21(4): 33-37.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (536KB) ( )   A experiments was carried out to study the effect of high temperature at vegetative stage on rice growth, using Ningjing 1 and Yangdao 6 as materials. The results showed that the high temperature stress during vegetative growth stage to promote the growth of rice, the plant height, leaf area, leaf width, leaf length, tiller numbers and dry weight of rice increase. But the leaf age, leaf chlorophyll content does not take place obvious change. Indica rice variety Yangdao 6 is affected more obvious by high temperature.

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Comparative Study on Yield Formation and Nutrient Uptake and Utilization between Super Hybrid Rice and Conventional Rice XIA Bing, JIANG Peng, XIE Xiao-Bing, ZHAO Yang, WEI Ying-Juan, HUANG Min, ZOU Ying-Bin-* 2015, 21(4): 38-43.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (635KB) ( )   To ascertain the characteristics of yield formation, dry matter production and the nutrient uptake and utilization of nitrogen （N）, phosphorus （P） and potassium （K） between super hybrid rice and conventional rice, taking similar panicles size of super hybrid rice （Liangyou peijiu, Y Liangyou 1） and conventional rice （Huanghuazhan, Yuxiangyouzhan） as materials, the field experiment with high N level （225 （kg/hm2）, medium N level （113～161 kg/hm2）, and no N level （0 kg/hm2） was conducted in Changsha （N 28°12′）  from 2011 to 2013. The results showed that super hybrid rice yield in average 9.55 and 9.57 t/hm2 rice grains, produced averagely 18.05 and 18.24 t/hm2 dry matter and assimilated averagely 189.5 and 193.9 kg/hm2 N at maturity stage, of which increased significantly by 5.99% and 9.38%, 7.12% and 11.22%, 5.45% and 4.41% compared with conventional rice, respectively. Both super hybrid rice and conventional rice showed the nonlinear relationship of quadratic function between the grain yield and the N, P, K uptake rates and the multiple correlation coefficient was significant. Requirements for N, P and K of super hybrid rice were up to 19.79 and 20.09 kg, 3.90 and 4.09 kg, 20.57 and 22.37 kg, respectively, of which was significantly lower than that of conventional varieties. Under the condition of nitrogen application, there was a significantly linear correlation between the grain yield and the N, P, K nutrient requirements. Nitrogen recovery efficiency and its partial productivity showed the significant difference among tested varieties, but the agronomy efficiency and physiological utilization efficiency did not show the significant difference among the varieties. Nitrogen harvest index of super hybrid rice was as high as 68.6% and 69.1% and significantly higher than that of conventional rice （62.7% and 64.0%）, but no significant difference of N grain production efficiency was observed among the varieties. It is concluded that the high-yielding super hybrid rice was coordinated with the N, P, K nutrients utilization.

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Effects of Different Irrigation and Fertilization Strategies on Grain Setting Traits and Quality of Japonica Rice GU Jun-Rong-1, JI Hong-Juan-2, HAN Li-Yu-3, DONG Ming-Hui-1 3*, ZHAO Bu-Hong-2, CHEN Pei-Feng-1 2015, 21(4): 44-48.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (638KB) ( )   In order to investigate the characteristics of water and nitrogen efficient utilization of rice with different types of rice production, using Yongyou 8 and Su10-100 as material. This study aimed at grain setting traits and quality of two types of japonica rice under the site-specific nitrogen management and the whole growth period of moderate dry wet alternate irrigation technology（T1）. Compared with the conventional water and fertilizer management（T0）, the effective panicles of T1 treatment were decreased, but the grains per spike, seed setting rate, grain plumpness and 1 000-grain weight were increased, the Su10-100 and Yongyou 8 were increased by 6.21%, 1.68%, 3.30%, 9.06% and 2.53%, 13.63%, 8.10%, 10.35%. The results showed that there was no significant difference between T1 and T0 on brown rice rate, milled rice rate, head rice rate; but there was significantly difference between T1 and T0 on chalky rice rate and chalkiness degree. T1 treatment could reduce the amylose content, crude protein content, setback viscosity and gelatinization temperature, increase the gel consistency, peak viscosity, hot viscosity, final viscosity and breakdown viscosity.

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Refined Climate Regionalization of Double Cropping Super Rice Maturity in Hunan Province DU Dong-Sheng-1, LIAO Yu-Fang-1, LU Kui-Dong-2, XIE Bai-Cheng-2 2015, 21(4): 49-52.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (699KB) ( )   Based on meteorological data from 97 stations in Hunan Province during 1981-2010，the refined climatic regionalization of double cropping super rice maturity in Hunan Province was studied by using spatial interpolation and other GIS technologies, and selecting active cumulative temperature of 8~22℃ and sunshine hours from late March to October as the index of regionalization. By comparing dynamic climate regionalization of different decadal periods, the paper analyzed the influence of climate change on double cropping super rice planting adaptability. The results showed that the suitable planting area of double cropping super rice in Hunan was very large, the area of late maturing （of early rice） with late maturing （of late rice） was mainly located in southern plains of Hunan. Relative to 1971-2000, the area of late maturing with late maturing, medium maturity with late maturing increased significantly, and expanded northward; the area of medium maturing with medium maturing and early maturing with early-maturing decreased; the area of medium maturing with early maturing changed little; the unsuitable area increased. It is recommended to stabilize the existing acreage and take certain incentives to expand the planting area of double cropping super rice in Xiangjiang River Basin and Dongting Lake district at the same time.

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The Interactive Effects of Post-anthesis Light Intengity and Nitrogen Appication Interactive on Biomass Production and Grain Yield of Rice WANG Qiang-1 2 3, ZHONG Xu-Hua-2*, HUANG Nong-Rong-2 2015, 21(4): 53-55.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (389KB) ( )   Pot culture experiments were conducted using two hybrid rice varieties with the method of shading to control the light intensity after heading. The effects of light intensity and nitrogen application and their interactive effect on the biomass production and grain yield of rice were investigated to explore the quantitative relation of interactive effect of post-anthesis light and nitrogen on rice. The result indicated that the effects of light intensity （X2, KJ/m2/d） and N application （X1,g/kg soil） on rice biomass and grain yield were mathematically represented by the following equation: Y=a0+a1X12+a2X1X2. A quadratic multinomial equation could be used to describe the correlation between N application and rice biomass. Moreover, a linear model could be used to describe the correlation between light intensity and biomass. The optimum N rate could be estimated by the light intensity after heading: Nopt = b0+b1X2. The optimum of N fertilizer was influenced lineally by light intensity or the average solar radiation per day during the treatment period, under the study condition.

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Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rice under Different Ecological Locations DAN Shuang-吕, XIE Xiao-Bing, CHEN Jia-Na, CAO Fang-Bo, WU Dan-Dan, LI Zhi-Bin, GAO Wei, HUANG Min-*, ZOU Ying-Bin 2015, 21(4): 56-61.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (628KB) ( )   To study the difference of grain yield, dry matter accumulation and distribution and nitrogen use efficiency for rice cultivars under two different ecological locations （Changsha, Hunan Province and Xingyi, Guizhou Province）, experiments were conducted with Wuyou 308, Luoyou 9348, Yuxiangyouzhan and Huanghuazhan under three nitrogen rates （0 kg/hm2, 161.25 kg/hm2 and 225 kg/ hm2）. The results showed that: （1） the grain yield was 11.98 t/ hm2 in Xingyi, which significantly produced 23.82% more grain yield than that in Changsha. There was a consistent trend in grain yield for all cultivars under two ecological locations, which the grain yield of Wuyou 308 （9.41~12.80 t/hm2） was highest, then Luoyou 9348, Yuxiangyouzhan and Huanghuazhan, and there was a significant difference in grain yield attained by Wuyou 308 comparing with Yuxiangyouzhan and Huanghuazhan. （2） Panicles per m2, grain filling rate and 1 000-grain weight were significantly higher by 22.95%, 27.59% and 5.07%, respectively, in Xingyi than those in Changsha. Furthermore, panicles per m2 had the highest contribution to grain yield at two locations, then 1 000-grain yield in Xingyi and spikelets per panicle in Changsha. （3） There was significant difference in dry matter at heading stage and maturity stage between two locations, and respectively higher by 22.95%, 27.59% and 5.07% in Xingyi than those in Changsha. （4） Nitrogen uptake and partial fertilizer efficiency were 21.97 g/m2 and 64.86 kg/kg in Xingyi, respectively, which significantly higher by 29.40% and 26.15% comparing with Changsha. RE, AE, PE and PFP decreased with increasing nitrogen rate. Therefore, Xingyi produced more grain yield due to higher dry matter transportation rate and dry matter accumulation after heading stage, panicles per m2, grain filling rate and     1 000-grain weight.

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Study on the Eating Value and Quality Traits in Different Types of Japonica Rice in Northeast China WANG Bo-Lun-1, WANG Feng-2, WANG Shu-1, JIA Bao-Yan-1, HUANG Yuan-Cai-1, DANG Shu-1, LIU Shu-Mei-1, ZHANG Wei-Wei-1 2015, 21(4): 62-64.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (355KB) ( )   The eating value （EV） and quality traits in different types of japonica rice in northeastern China were analyzed in this paper. The result showed that EV of varieties with semi-erect, or curved panicle and short grain were better than that of erect panicle and short grain, or curved panicle and long grain. The EV was very significant negative correlated with protein content（PC）, and significant positive associated with brawn rice rate （BRR）, and significant simulated in quadratic equation with amylose content （AC）. The eating quality of variety with low PC, high BRR and suitable AC is better.

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Dry Matter Production Characteristics of Rice Cultivars with High Yield and High N Use Efficiency LI Min, LUO De-Qiang, JIANG Xue-Hai, ZHOU Wei-Jia-*, JI Guang-Mei, WANG Xue-Hong, LI Shu-Xing 2015, 21(4): 65-67.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (347KB) ( )   Field experiments were conducted to study the combined increase of high yield and high N use efficiency of rice cultivar in 2013 and 2014 at Guiyang city, using two high yield and high N use efficiency cultivars Jiangyou 9527, Qyou 6 and two high yield and low N use efficiency cultivars Fengyan425 and Gangyou527 as materials. The results showed that, compared with the low N use efficiency cultivars, high N use efficiency cultivars have lower effective panicles, lower total dry matter accumulation, but higher grains per panicle, seed setting rate, 1000-grain weight and harvest index. The leaves area index of high N use efficiency cultivars at middle stage were lower than that of low N use efficiency cultivars, but were higher at mature stage, and the SPAD of flag leaf was higher in middle and late filling stage.

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Study on Dry Matter Production Characteristics of Rice in Different Accumulated Temperature Zone in Heilongjiang Province YU Qiu-Zhu-1 2, KONG Yu-1 2, CHEN Dong-Sheng-1, XU Zheng-Jin-2*, ZHU Guang-Shi-1, JIE Bao-Sheng-1 2015, 21(4): 68-71.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (556KB) ( )   In order to evaluate accurately the condition of dry matter production characteristics of rice varieties in different accumulated temperature zones in Heilongjiang Province, 32 representative rice varieties were selected and studied. The results showed that total stem material production in the early stage were: the 2nd accumulated temperature zone > the 3rd accumulated temperature zone > the 1st accumulated temperature zone > the 4th accumulated temperature zone; and in the late stage were: the 3rd accumulated temperature zone > the 1st accumulated temperature zone > the 2nd accumulated temperature zone > the 4th accumulated temperature zone. The dry matter production of the rice varieties in each plot was different in early stage, but entered the late stage the spike dry matter distribution rate were: the 3rd accumulated temperature zone （59.88%）> the 1st accumulated temperature zone （59.33%）> the 2nd accumulated temperature zone > the 4th accumulated temperature zone, there were no difference between these 1st and 3rd temperate zones, but significantly higher than other temperature zone. The dry matter exportation and transformation rate is far greater than the apparent transportation rate of rice varieties in Heilongjiang Province, therefore, it should be mainly focus on the distribution and transportation of dry matter in the late stage to improve the yield of rice varieties.

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High Photosynthetic Efficiency of Oryza officinalis Wall in Yunnan KE Xue-1, YIN Fu-You-1, XIAO Su-Qin-1, CHEN Ling-1, ZHANG Dun-Yu-1, CHEN Liang-2, HUANG Xing-Qi-1, CHENG Zai-Quan-1* 2015, 21(4): 72-76.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.015 Abstract ( )   PDF (692KB) ( )   Oryza officinalis wall is one of the three kinds of wild rice in China. The groups in Yunnan, due to the diversity of the original habitat ecological types, involved abundant genetic diversities and many excellent traits during long-term evolution, and is a precious genetic source to improve and widen the genetic basis of cultivated rice. As to the traits of strong growth potential and great biomass accumulation of O. officinalis, the photosynthetic characteristics of the groups in Yunnan was studied. Compared with other two wild rice and two cultivated rice, the net photosynthetic rate of Yunnan O. officinalis is higher than that of the rest kinds of rice, especially the carboxylation efficiency and the light saturation point were 2 times more than others varieties. This indicated that O. officinalis in Yunnan has a potential of high photosynthetic efficiency, and this will give clues to explore the high photosynthetic efficiency genes from them.

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Effects of Low Temperature on Protective Enzyme Activities of Rice Leaf during Booting Stage in Cold Area ZHANG Xian-Guo, CHEN Shu-Qiang-*, XUE Jing-Fang, DU Xiao-Dong 2015, 21(4): 77-80.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.016 Abstract ( )   PDF (528KB) ( )   Analysis was conducted on the activity of peroxidase （POD）, catalase （CAT） and superoxide dismutase（SOD ） and Malondialdehyde （MDA） content in the leaves of rice variety Kongyu 131 after low temperature treatments. The results showed that the activity of protective enzymes （SOD, CAT, POD） of the leaves increased with the decrease of temperature, the activity of the three kinds of protective enzyme increased and then decreased with the extension of treatment time. The activity of SOD and CAT showed a decline trend with the increase of recovery time, but POD enzyme activity showed opposite trend. Malondialdehyde （MDA） content increased under the low temperature treatment during booting stage, and increased with the decrease of temperature and increase of treatment time, and decreased with the increase of recovery time. The lower temperature and longer duration treatment made a severe influence on rice leaf. Rice leaf treated with shorter duration in the higher temperature can basically returned to normal growth under the action of protective enzyme.

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Alleviative Effect of Chemical Regulators on Rice in High Temperature Stress WANG Qiang, CHEN Lei, ZHANG Xiao-Li, TANG Mao-Yan, 吕Rong-Hua , TAO Wei, LIANG Tian-Feng-* 2015, 21(4): 80-82.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.017 Abstract ( )   PDF (419KB) ( )   Pot experiments were conducted by simulate high temperature stress during the flowering stage in phytotron, to study the effect of chemical regulators on rice in high temperature stress. The results were as follows: alleviative effect of chemical regulators on rice only works when the chemical treatments were spraying before high temperature stress, it was invalid after the high temperature stress. Among these chemical regulators, the trans-abscisic acid performed the best alleviative effect, followed by Methyl Jasmonate and KH2PO4. The alleviative effect of chemical regulators is mainly through the improvement of seed setting rate to ease the yield loss of high temperature stress. The effect of chemical regulators is just alleviative, it can not fully recover the yield loss in  high temperature stress.

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Effects of Optimal Fertilization Practice on Yield Formation and Nitrogen Utilization of Double-cropping Rice QIAN Yin-Fei-1, CHEN Xian-Mao-1, XU Ya-Qun-2, KUANG Zong-Xia-2, XIE Heng-Wang-2, LIU Fang-Ping-2, WANG Shao-Hua-2, CAI Shuo-2, PENG Chun-Rui-1* 2015, 21(4): 83-87.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.018 Abstract ( )   PDF (631KB) ( )   Field experiment was carried out to study the effects of the optimal fertilization practice（OPT） on the growth, yield formation and nitrogen utilization. The results showed as follows: compared with farmer's fertilization practice（FFP）, OPT had more effective panicles, more glume flowers per panicle, higher seed setting rate, and therefore increased the grain yield. OPT reduced ineffective tillers, increased the tiller-earing rate and finally improved the effective panicles. OPT also increased the LAI, the SPAD of the flag leaf, the photosynthetic potentials and the accumulation of photosynthesizes materials. Simultaneously OPT could increase the nitrogen utilization, reduce the soil N dependent rate. In this experiment, OPT still obtained the high and stable yield by use of 80% nitrogen and phosphorus compared to FFP, and realized the fertilizer and pollution decreasement. OPT is an ideal fertilization practice of double-cropping rice.

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Effects of Different Controlled-release Fertilizer Amount on Dry Matter Production and Grain Yield of Rice LI Gui-Yong-1, GAO Sen-2, LUAN Ya-Hong-3, ZI Yue-E-2, CHANG Xiao-Xiang-3, YANG Cui-Ling-4, HE Xing-Lin-5, XIANG Han-Zhang-6, HUANG Jun-7, XIA Qiong-Mei-1, LONG Rui-Ping-1, ZHU Hai-Ping-1, YANG Cong-Dang-1* 2015, 21(4): 88-90.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.019 Abstract ( )   PDF (442KB) ( )   Effects of different amount of controlled-release fertilizer（N-P-K=28-5-8） on the dry matter accumulation and grain yield of rice were studied in this paper. The results showed that the dry matter accumulation and yield increased first and then decreased after heading with increasing amounts of controlled-release fertilization. The yield of indica rice was highest（12.20 t/hm2） when the application of controlled-release fertilizer is 600 kg/hm2, with yield increasement of 5.89 t/hm2, the maximum dry matter accumulation after heading was 595.36 g/m2, and fertilizer contribution rate was 48.23% compared to no fertilizer treatment. The yield of japonica rice was highest（9.33 t/hm2） when the application of controlled-release fertilization is 750 kg/hm2, with yield increasement of 2.33 t/hm2, the maximum dry matter accumulation after heading was 566.62 g/m2, and fertilizer contribution rate was 25.00%, compared to no fertilizer treatment. The controlled-release fertilization amount more than 600 kg/hm2, the dry matter accumulation and grain yield of indica rice decreased. The controlled-release fertilization amount more than 750 kg/hm2, the dry matter accumulation and grain yield of japonica rice decreased.

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Effects of Different Biochar Fertilizer Rates on Early and Late Rice Growth and Yield in Northeast Area of Jiangxi province LIU Kai-Lou-1, XIA Gui-Long-2, LI Ya-Zhen-1*, YU Pao-Lan-1 2015, 21(4): 91-94.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.020 Abstract ( )   PDF (491KB) ( )    It is known that biochar could improve soil, fix carbon and reduce discharge. A field experiment was conducted in northeast area of Jiangxi province in 2013 to study the effects of different biochar rates , which included four treatments: CK （no biochar）, BC20 （20 t/hm2 biochar）, BC30 （30 t/hm2 biochar）, BC40 （40 t/hm2 biochar）, on early and late rice dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, root bleeding sap and grain yield. The results showed that: biochar application（20～40 t/hm2） could increase grain yields by 6.8%～15.3% and 1.5%～16.7%, dry matter accumulation by 8.1%～23.5% and 15.3%～22.7%, leaf area index in heading stage by 47.9%～91.6% and 7.6%～23.3%, and root bleeding sap by 15.1%～47.2% and 21.2%～65.4% compared with CK. Meanwhile, it showed that the yield and growth indexes were raised gradually with biochar amounts increasing. This indicated that application of biochar could promote rice growth and increase the grain yield in double rice cropping systems.

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Effects of Application of Controlled-release Fertilizer Combined with Wheat Straw on Rice Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency SUN Hui-Feng-1 2, ZHOU Sheng-1 2*, FU Zi-Shi-1 2, CHEN Gui-Fa-1 2, ZOU Guo-Yan-1 2, SONG Xiang-Fu-1 2 2015, 21(4): 95-98.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.021 Abstract ( )   PDF (596KB) ( )   The effects of application of controlled-release fertilizer combined with wheat straw on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency were studied in this paper ,with Huayou 14（Oryza sativa L.） as material. The results showed that application of controlled-release fertilizer combined with wheat straw clearly increased rice yield by 13.4%~17.8%, mainly due to the increases of effective panicles and 1000-grain weight compared to common chemical fertilizer application. Application of controlled-release fertilizer combined with wheat straw could also enhance rice straw biomass, nitrogen content in grain and straw, which led to a significantly higher nitrogen use efficiency（71.6%~77.6%） compared to common chemical fertilizer application（28.7%~40.2%）. Controlled-release fertilizer was applied only once, and as base fertilizer, would effectively save labor costs. Application of controlled-release fertilizer combined with wheat straw increased rice yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, saved labor costs, may have a promising future.

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Preliminary Screening of High Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency Rice YU You-Ling, WU Wen-Ge-*, CHEN Gang, ZHOU Yong-Jin, XU You-Zun, XI Min, YANG Cheng-Lin 2015, 21(4): 99-102.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.022 Abstract ( )   PDF (469KB) ( )   Ten super rice varieties and ten super-high-yield rice varieties were pot-cultured under two levels of N supply（10 kg/667 m2 and 15 kg/667 m2） to determine their dynamic of tiller, the leaf area per plant, the leaf SPAD values, dry matter weight, grain yield, yield components and some other agronomic traits. Nitrogen efficient rice varieties and N inefficient rice varieties were preliminary selected according to the grain yield, and then analyzed the dynamic of tillers and dry matter accumulation. The results showed that the grain yield under high N levels were significantly higher than low N level. Five nitrogen efficient rice varieties and eight N inefficient rice varieties were selected. The dry matter weight of N efficient rice varieties were significantly higher than N inefficient rice varieties, the difference of tiller number was not significant during the whole growth period.

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Selection of High Yield Late Indica-Japonica Hybrid Rice in Double-Cropping Rice in the Central Area of Jiangxi Province ZHOU Nian-Bing-1, CHENG Fei-Hu-2, CHEN Bo-1, SHU Peng-1, ZHANG Hong-Cheng-1*, HUA Jin-1, HUO Zhong-Yang-1, HUANG Da-Shan-2, CHEN Zhong-Ping-2, CHEN Guo-Liang-3, CHEN Heng-3 2015, 21(4): 103-107.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.023 Abstract ( )   PDF (724KB) ( )    The differences of yield, plant type and rice quality of 20 medium-maturing late-japonica varieties and 14 late-maturing late-japonica varieties, were studied in double-cropping rice areas （Shanggao of Jiangxi） compared to 5 representative local indica hybrid rice （CK）. The results showed that the yields of medium-maturing late-japonica and late-maturing late-japonica were increased by 16.93% and 13.10% compared with indica hybrid rice. All of these two types japonica rice were safety maturity, and the total growth periods were significantly longer than CK. It can make good use of temperature and light, and gain higher grain yields and good rice quality by using japonica rice in Shanggao area. To adapt the stubbles feature of double-cropping rice and heat conditions as well as the requirement of mechanized and simplified cultivation, 5 medium-maturing late-japonica varieties and 3 late-maturing late-japonica varieties were selected in order to provide reference for rice production in sense area.

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Quality and Agronomic Characteristics of High Quality Rice Varieties in Hunan Province HUANG Zhi-Yuan-1, 吕Qi-Ming-1 , CHEN Qing-Zhong-2, XIN Ye-Yun-1, FU Xi-Qin-1, YUAN Long-Ping-1 2015, 21(4): 108-113.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.024 Abstract ( )   PDF (486KB) ( )   The high quality rice varieties with validation and candidate in Hunan Province and high quality rice varieties from Guangdong Province and India were grew in Changsha. The rice quality and agronomic characteristics of different high quality rice varieties were analyzed. Huanghuazhan, Xing 2, Xiangwan 10, Xiangwan 13, Xiangwan 17, Huangsizhan, Huangguangzhan, Xiangyaxiangzhan and Nongxiang 26 showed good rice quality and high yielding. The study proposed the object of the high quality rice variety: chalky rice rate≤5%, chalkiness degree≤1%, grain length≥6.5 mm, length-width ratio of rice≥3, amylose content 13%~18%, gel consistency ≥50 mm, aroma, plant height 110~120 cm, effective panicle number per plant≥10, seed setting rate≥80%, 1000-grain weight about 25 g, and the high quality rice variety should show rice blast resistance, lodging resistance and good for mechanical harvest.

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Effects of Different Wet-shallow Alternate Irrigation Patterns on Rice Grain Yield and Biological Characteristics XIA Qiong-Mei-1, CHEN Qing-Hua-2, LI Cong-Ying-2, LI Gui-Yong-1, LONG Rui-Ping-1, ZHU Hai-Ping-1, YANG Cong-Dang-1*, XIANG Han-Zhang-3, HUANG Jun-4, DENG An-Feng-1 2015, 21(4): 114-117.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.025 Abstract ( )   PDF (467KB) ( )   Effects of four different wet-shallow alternate irrigation methods from transplanting to filling stage on grain yield and biological characteristics of rice Chujing38 and Yunjing36 were studied in Yunnan fields in 2014. The results showed that the yield were reduced along with the increase of wet-shallow alternate irrigation days, but there were no significant difference in different treatments, the yield were decreased by more than 5% in wet-shallow alternate irrigation 7 days. The effective panicles and 1 000 grain weight had no obvious regular pattern, the interaction of yield components made the decrease of grain yield with increasing days of intermittent irrigation. Compared to the control, rice seedlings tillering ability were increased quickly after transplanting, leaf area index at heading stage increased, dry matter weight of stems and leaf increased. At maturity stage, dry matter weight of stems, leaf and spike had not significant difference by different treatments.

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Study on Growth and Development Characteristics and High-yielding Cultivation Techniques of Rice with Nutrition Bowl Mechanical Transplanting in Jianghuai Area WU Wen-Ge-1, ZHANG Jian-Mei-2, ZHOU Yong-Jin-1, CHEN Gang-1, XU You-Zun-1, LI Sheng-Qun-3, YAN Wen-Xue-4, GAO Shang-Qin-3 2015, 21(4): 118-124.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.026 Abstract ( )   PDF (864KB) ( )   The Field experiments were counducted to research the growth characteristics and high yield cultivation techniques of rice with nutrition bowl mechanical transplanting in Fengtai, Baohe, Baihu and Lujiang of Anhui Province form 2011 to 2014, with conventional japonica rice, hybrid japonica rice and hybrid indica rice as materials.The results showed that bowl seedling mechanical- transplanting has the significant advantages of lower sowing quantity, stronger seedling quality, higher seedling flexibility, faster re-green ability, earlier tillering, stable population culm and tiller dynamics, higher tiller percentage, and appropriate yield components, comparing with blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting. Meanwhile, the spikelets per panicle and population total spikelets under the bowl mechanical transplanting were significantly increased. On the basis of this research, the key high yield cultivation technique of rice with bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting was quantified. It provided a good theoretical and practical basis for researching new model of rice planting mechanization, improving the combination of agricultural machinery and agronomy technology and accelerating the progress of mechanical transplanting in Anhui Province.

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Effects of Rice-loach Symbiosis Ecosystems on Rice Quality and Economic Benefit CHEN Can, ZHENG Hua-Bin, HUANG Huang-*, HE Bin, LONG Pan 2015, 21(4): 124-127.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.027 Abstract ( )   PDF (560KB) ( )   The effects of rice-loach symbiosis ecosystem on rice quality and economic benefits were studied in Liuyang, Hunan Province. The results showed that: rice-loach symbiosis ecosystem could significantly reduce the chalky rice rate and chalkiness, and improved rice appearance quality, increased the alkali spreading value to some extent, and reduced rice protein content, but with no significant difference. For the economic benefits, the ratio of output to input was obviously higher in the rice-loach ridge cultivation mode than the mono-rice cultivation, with an income of 19573 Yuan per hectare on average. In conclusion, the water-saving rice-loach cultivation mode could improve rice quality and increase economic benefit, providing a new way for the ecological cultivation of rice.

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Effect of Transplanting Pattern on Rice Seedling Growth under Wheat Straw Returning DU Kang-1, LIN Zhao-Miao-1, ZHANG Xin-Cheng-1, LIU Zheng-Hui-1 2*, WANG Shao-Hua-1, DING Yan-Feng-1 2 2015, 21(4): 128-131.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.028 Abstract ( )   PDF (457KB) ( )   Pot experiment was conducted using a japonica rice cultivar Ningjing 3, to investigate the effect of transplanting pattern on growth and nutrients uptake of rice seedlings under wheat straw returning. The results showed that the tiller number, plant height, dry weight and nutrients uptake were decreased under wheat straw returning. Compared with the non-straw returning, the tiller number, dry weight of upper and underground parts, and root activity of rice seedlings with wheat straw returning 20 days after transplanting were decreased by 17.3%, 29.4%, 11.5%, and 14.0%, respectively. Compared with conventional hand transplanting, the upper part dry weight, tiller number, plant height and upper part nitrogen content of machine transplanting decreased under wheat straw returning condition, the root dry weight and activity 20 days after transplanting were decreased by 57.1% and 26.1%, respectively. The seedling growth of machine transplanting rice is more vulnerable to be stunted by short-term straw returning, which is caused by inhibited root growth and impaired root activity.

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Sword Leaf Photosynthetic Characteristics of Rice Applied with High Pig Manure in 3 Years SUN Guo-Feng-1 2, ZHOU Yu-3, ZHOU Wei-1 2, SHENG Jing-1 2, CHEN Liu-Gen-1 4* 2015, 21(4): 132-134.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.029 Abstract ( )   PDF (583KB) ( )   In order to treat waste super ovulation by large-scale cultivation in Jiangsu Province, which may cause serious environment pollution and a massive waste of nutrient resource, field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of high pig manure on sword leaf photosynthetic characteristics and yield of rice. The results showed that 150% PM treatment increased the net photosynthetic rate, net quantity of photosynthesis and SPAD, and which reduced the sword leaf area compared with NPK treatment. Moreover, the amount of net photosynthetic contribution from net photosynthetic rate was increased with 150%PM treatment compared to NPK treatment by 6.8 percentage points at filling stage. The rice yield and economic coefficient of 150%PM treatment were higher than that of NPK treatment at harvest. In addition, use of pig manure nitrogen reached 1.5 times of fertilizer can achieve high yield of rice in the research condition.

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Effects of Silicon Fertilizer on Population Production and Cadmium Absorption for Early Rice YU Pao-Lan-1, XIAO Xiao-Jun-1, CHEN Yan-1, LI Ya-Zhen-1, YANG Lin-2, LEI Yuan-Yuan-1, LIU Kai-Lou-1* 2015, 21(4): 135-137.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.030 Abstract ( )   PDF (410KB) ( )   Cd（cadmium） pollution in paddy soil is one of most threat to food safety and human health, and it was necessary to find one technology for cadmium reduction in soil and rice. Therefore, one field experiment was set up to research the effects of silicon fertilizer on grain yield and cadmium content in rice. The results showed that, appliacation of silicon fertilizer could improve significantly tiller and white root number, and they were increased than CK treatment by 44.5% and 22.6%, the grian yield and filled grains were rised by 11.7% and 5.4%, respectively. However, application of silicon fertilizer could significantly reduced cadmium uptake of rice. Compared with the CK treatment, Cd content of rice in Si fertilization was decreased by 27.6%~32.4%. This indicated that silicon fertilizer could not only improve the population quality and the grain yield of rice, but also significantly decline cadmium uptake.

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Effects of Drought Stress on Rice Physiological Traits and Grain Yield at Heading Stage YANG Xiao-Long-1, WANG Ben-Fu-1 3, CHEN Liang-1, CAO Cou-Gui-1, 2 , LI Ping-1 2* 2015, 21(4): 138-141.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.031 Abstract ( )   PDF (630KB) ( )   In order to investigate the drought stress influence on physiological traits and grain yield of rice during the heading stage, a field experiment was conducted with four rice genotypes: indica inbred rice-Huanghuazhan，three-line indica hybrid rice-Luoyou 8, Gangyou 527 and japonica rice WDR129. The results showed that the yield was significantly decreased by 16%~22% under drought treatment （DS） compared with CK. The key reasons for the significant reduction of yield are the reduction of seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight; photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, leaf water potential, air-leaf temperature gap were significantly decreased under drought stress compared to CK, whereas the reduction in photosynthetic is not the dominant factor account for yield reduction. So it is necessary to make further research on dry matter accumulation and distribution after flowering; the yield of indica rice is significant higher than japonica rice under both flooding and drought stress treatments in this experiment.

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Effects of Different Polysaccharide Drought - resistant Agent on Growth and Yield of Rice ZHANG Yu-Ping, CAI Xue-Qing, XIANG Jing, CHEN Hui-Zhe, ZHU De-Feng-* 2015, 21(4): 142-146.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.032 Abstract ( )   PDF (774KB) ( )   The effects of spraying different concentration of polysaccharide drought-resistant agent on growth and yield of rice were studied, with indica rice N22, Q you6 and II you838 as materials, at spike differentiation stage of drought stress. The results showed that the effects of different concentration of polysaccharide could increase the yield of rice, the yield of A3 treatment are equal to the control treatment. The contribution of spraying polysaccharide on yield is mainly due to stable effective panicle number per plant, increase the number of grains per panicle and seed setting rate, spraying polysaccharide can increase the rice dry matter, maintain the stability of the plant height, higher tiller number, maintain the chlorophyll content, improve the growth and development of rice. At the same time, different rice were difference in the treatment.

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Effects of YELIN Soilless Substrate on Seedling Raising of Japonica Rice Variety in Cold Region of Northeast China CHENG Xiao-Juan-1, 2 , LUO Chun-Hua-1, ZHI Geng-Yin-1, YAO Hai-Hua-3, WANG Yan-Li-4* 2015, 21(4): 147-149.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.033 Abstract ( )   PDF (376KB) ( )   As seedling raising development in plastic trays, it is becoming more and more difficult to get soil from field because of the destruction of vegetation and soil. Soilless substrate rice seedling raising was a new technique, which replaced the soil by high temperature fermentation substrate and avoided the work of get soil. The seedling quality, growth and yield of Zhonglongjing 1, a Japonica rice variety, in cold region of Northeast China were determined by using the YELIN brand soilless substrate in rice nursery. The study was carried out in 291 Farm, Heilongjiang. The results indicated that the application of YELIN brand soilless substrate can improve the seedling quality, promote the growth of roots, turn green early, reduce the labor intensity, save labor costs, and improve the quality of rice tiller population. Compared with the conventional nutrient soil seedling, the rice yield of soilless substrate raising seedling with machine transplanting was increased by the increase of the effective panicles, total grains and 1000-grain weight.

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Cold Resistance Effect and Mechanism of Mixed Carboxymethyl Chitosan and Salicylic Acid on Rice Seedlings During Transplanting and Rehabilitation Period MA Wei-1, HUO Zhi-Guo-2, JI Jing-Hua-1, HU Fei-1* 2015, 21(4): 150-154.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.034 Abstract ( )   PDF (992KB) ( )   The effect and some physiological index were investigated in 3 rice varieties（combination）, Hualiangyou 3, Guinongzhan and Tianyou 998, treated with mixed carboxymethyl chitosan and salicylic acid （MCCSA） with 5 dose levels, which then were subjected to 10℃ low temperature for 4 days in climatic chamber. The results showed that leaf’s discoloration degree, damage degree and MDA content of seedlings declined sharply reduced after sprayed different doses of MCCSA, meanwhile the concentration of proline declined slightly, however, the activity of SOD increased, but activity of POD decreased. The doses of MCCSA in T2 and T3 could increas resistance significantly of rice seedling to low temperature, Tianyou 998 showed strongest resistance to cold in 3 rice varieties after sprayed with MCCSA.

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Influence of Planting Density on Yield Traits and Canopy Structure of Direct-seeding Early Rice FANG Bao-Hua-1, ZHANG Yu-Zhu-1*, HE Chao-2 2015, 21(4): 155-159.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.035 Abstract ( )   PDF (614KB) ( )   The population of seedlings, yield, yield components and canopy structure changes of Xiangzaoxian 45 （early indica rice） under different direct-seeding density were studied in the paper. The results showed that seeding rate in 97.5~120.0 kg/hm2 could reach higher effective panicles（4 800~5 250 thousand/hm2）, seed setting rate（about 75%）, yield（6 300~6 750 kg/hm2） and economic coefficient and increase the covering index of canopy in pelagic, keep sufficient light distributed variables in lower middle class. Based on the research, the most suitable seeding rate of early conventional rice was 97.5~120.0 kg/hm2  in direct-seeding production, which was help for constructing reasonable canopy structure and exerting population yield potential.

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Effect of Different Plant Space on the Population Structure and Yield Formation of Huiliangyou 5 with Mechanical Transplanting GAO Shang-1, LI Sheng-Qun-2, CHEN Gang-1*, ZHANG Yi-1, QU Ming-Ding-1, SUN Xue-Yuan-1 2015, 21(4): 160-162.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.036 Abstract ( )   PDF (401KB) ( )   The effects of different plant space on the population structure and yield formation with mechanical transplanting of mid-season indica rice Huiliangyou 5 were studied. The results showed that the theoretical yield of Huiliangyou 5 reached 11 228.8 kg/hm2 and its components were coordinate with the machine-transplanted space of 14 cm and fixed row space of 30 cm. The increase and decrease of the stems and tillers were smooth and the ineffective tillers decreased. The production of dry matter from heading to mature period increased with 44.8% to total dry matter production. The basal internodes were shortened and the stem diameter increased for decreasing the lodging risk of Hui Liangyou5 and fulfilling potential of high yield with mechanical transplanting.

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Effects of Nitrogen Rate on Grain Yield and Dry Matter for Double Cropping Super Rice in South China XIE Xiao-Bing-1, JIANG Peng-1, 2 3, HUANG Min-1*, CAO Fang-Bo-1, ZHOU Xue-Feng-1, ZHANG Rui-Chun-1, CHEN Jia-Na-1, WU Dan-Dan-1, ZOU Ying-Bin-1 2015, 21(4): 163-169.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.037 Abstract ( )   PDF (764KB) ( )   In order to study the effect of nitrogen rate on grain yield and dry matter for double cropping super rice in South China, field experiments were conducted with Liangyoupeijiu, Yliangyou 1, Yuxiangyouzhan and Huanghuazhan as materials. The results showed that there was significant difference in effective panicles, grains per spike, spikelets per m2 and grain yield, however, there was no significant difference in grain filling rate and 1000-grain weight. Compared with N1 treatment, the grain yield of early rice and late rice cultivars in N2 treatment were significantly increased by 6.33%~13.39% and 11.53%~25.06% in 2011, respectively, but were no significant difference in 2012. On average, the highest or higher grain yield were attained by Y Liangyou 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan in early rice and late rice, respectively, and compared to late rice, the yield of early rice were increased by 4.58%~33.94%. Furthermore, the effective panicles had the highest contribution to grain yield, then grains per panicle. Compared with N0 , increased nitrogen rate would significantly improve dry matter and crop growth rate, but there was no significant difference between N1 and N2 in 2012. However, the N-use efficiency of N1 was higher than N2 for all cultivars in two years, and there was significant difference in partial factor productivity of applied nitrogen （PEP）. Therefore, in nitrogen rate of 161~176 kg/hm2, the adoption of long and short growth period super rice cultivars as early rice and late rice , respectively, would improve grain yield and N-use efficiency due to increasing grains per panicle or panicle weight and dry matter based on enough effective panicles in South China.

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Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Postpone on Rice Yield in Coastal Saline Soil BA Guo-Lin-1, FU Li-Dong-2* 2015, 21(4): 169-171.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.038 Abstract ( )   PDF (346KB) ( )   The effect of different proportion of base-tiller N fertilizer and panicle N fertilizer on growth and yield of rice in coastal saline alkali land by the plot comparative test was studied in this paper, with Yanjing 456 as material. The results indicated that  postpone nitrogen fertilizer could coordinated the rice population, controll tillers in the peak tillering stage, increase the rate of tillers to panicle and glumous flower per unit. It can promote the leaf area index （LAI） and high-efficiency leaf area rate of full heading stage, the dry matter accumulation in mature stage, and the rate of dry matter accumulation after heading to the yield. The treatment with base-tiller N fertilizer and panicle N fertilizer of 6∶4 reached the highest yield of 788.2 kg/ 667 m2.

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Effects of Different Age on Seedling Quality and Yield of Machine Transplanting Super Hybrid Rice CHEN Hui-Zhe-1, JIANG Wen-Song-2, XIANG Jing-1, XU Yi-Cheng-1, ZHANG Yu-Ping-1, ZHU De-Feng-1* 2015, 21(4): 172-175.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.039 Abstract ( )   PDF (465KB) ( )   In this experiment, super hybrid rice Zhongzheyou 1 and Guodao 6 were used to study the effect of different age（12 d, 17 d, 22 d, 27 d） on seedling quality and yield under the mechanized transplanting system. The results showed that the plant height and dry weight were increased with the increase of seedling age, however, at the late stage of rice seedlings, the leaf grew slowly and root-shoot ratio decreased. There was no significant difference on no-seedling rate between the different seedling age; the short-age seedlings turned green faster after transplanting in field and there were more effective panicles compared with long-age seedlings. The grain yield of 17 d seedling age treatment was the highest because of more panicles, higher seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight. With the increase of transplanting seedling age, the growth period of rice will be postponed. In conclusion, the appropriate seedling age for single season rice was 15~20 days in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, because of better seedling quality and higher grain yield, and was suitable for machine transplanting.

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Effects of Different Seeding Rates and Different Seedling Ages on Seedling Quality of Mechanical Transplanting Rice LONG Rui-Ping-1, LI Gui-Yong-1, XIA Qiong-Mei-1, HOU Yue-2, ZHU Li-Fen-2, LI Xiang-Lian-2, ZHAO Li-Juan-2, ZHU Hai-Ping-1, YANG Cong-Dang-1* 2015, 21(4): 176-178.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.040 Abstract ( )   PDF (466KB) ( )   The seedling quality of different seeding rates and different seedling ages were studied under the dry nursery. The results indicated that the seedling quality of different seeding rates had little difference when seedling age was less than 25 days.  When seedling age was more than 25 days, the appropriate seeding rate was 70 g per tray.

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Effects of Different Sowing Date on the Quality of Japonica Rice in Southern Henan LIU Qiu-Yuan-1, SONG Xiao-Hua-2, DUAN Bin-2, HE Shi-Jie-2, LI Hui-Long-2, ZHEN Cai-Hong-2, SONG Shi-Zhi-2* 2015, 21(4): 179-183.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.041 Abstract ( )   PDF (645KB) ( )   The appropriate sowing date of japonica rice in Southern Henan was studied in the perspective of rice quality. The results showed that the brown rice rate and milled rice rate of the five japonica varieties showing increasing trend, as the sowing date postponed, the chalkiness degress, chalky rice rate and chalkiness size showing a significant decreasing trend. The coefficient of variation of grain length and length-width ratio were small. Gel consistency in Ⅱ period or Ⅲ period was the largest. The amylose content and alkali value had great difference under different sowing date, but there was no significant regular changes. The result of fuzzy probability method showed that the quality of five japonica varieties were increased as the sowing date was postponed，and the quality of Ⅳ or Ⅴ sowing date were the best.

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Effects of Combined Application of Nitrogen and Potassium at Different Growth Stage on Yield Formation of Hybrid Rice F you 498 SUN Jia-Wei, YANG Zhi-Yuan, LI Ying-Hong, DAI Zou, ZHAO Jian-Hong, LI Na, XIE Hua-Ying, SUN Yong-Jian, MA Jun-* 2015, 21(4): 184-190.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.042 Abstract ( )   PDF (861KB) ( )   The effects of combined application of nitrogen （N） and potassium （K） at different growth stage on yield formation were investigated with hybrid rice F you 498 as material. For N fertilizer treatments, the ratio of basal, tillering, spikelet-promoting and spikelet-preserving N were 5∶3∶1∶1 （N1）, 3∶3∶2∶2 （N2）, 3∶1∶3∶3 （N3） and N0 （no N fertilizer applied）; For K fertilizer treatments, the ratio of basal, tillering, spikelet-promoting and spikelet-preserving N were 10∶0∶0∶0 （K1）, 7:0:3:0 （K2）, 3∶0∶7∶0 （K3） and K0 （no K fertilizer applied）. The results showed that N1K1, N2K3 and N3K2 obtained the highest yield respectively with their corresponding N treatments, among which, N3K2 produced the maximum grains. For all N treatments, a larger proportion of K at later growth stage boosted the rate of productive tillers and effective panicle number, and for N2 and N3 treatments, total spikelets were also enhanced with more K applied later. A moderate reduction of K proportion at earlier stage was beneficial for dry matter accumulation at elongation stage. For post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and its ratio, K1 at N1 and N2, and K3 at N3 were the optimal respectively. Compared with K2 and K3, K1 got the most advantageous Pn value of flag leaf after anthesis at N1, though its leaf area index （LAI） of top three leaves and SPAD value were relatively poor at and after anthesis. For N2 and N3, K1 could slow down the reduction of SPAD and Pn value, but K2 and K3 possessed more advantageous LAI of top three leaves, and obtained higher yield ultimately.

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Variety Selection in Rice Production with Full Mechanization KANG Hong-Can, LI Guo-Sheng, CHUAN Xing-Kuan, WANG Jin-Yan 2015, 21(4): 191-192.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.043 Abstract ( )   PDF (274KB) ( )   The technology of rice production with full mechanization is the overall process including machining tillage, transplanting, managing, harvesting, drying, combined a whole set of mechanical operation and cultivation techniques. Besides the machine type, operation technique, soil type and so on, variety selection is the major measure for promoting rice production with full mechanization. In production, the rice variety with better lodging resistance and tillering ability, temperate seed holding and growth period should be selected.

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The Flowering Adjustment Technology on Parents of the Water-saving and Drought Resistant Hybrid Rice DU Xing-Bin-1, XIA Long-Ping-1*, YU Xin-Qiao-2 2015, 21(4): 193-196.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.044 Abstract ( )   PDF (520KB) ( )   In order to study the flowering adjustment technology on parents of the water-saving and drought resistant hybrid rice, with three CMS lines and two restorer lines as materials, the experiment was carried under the early stage of differentiation of rice panicle with 4 flowering adjustment substance: Urea（N）, Paclobutrazol （MET）, MCPA, and Potassium dihydrogen phosphate （K）. To explore the flowering adjustment technology and provide beneficial help for water-saving drought resistant hybrid rice seed production.

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Practices and Extension Suggestions of the Rice Precise and Quantitative Cultivation in Chongqing YAO Xiong-1, LI Jing-Yong-1, LI Jie-2, TANG Yong-Qun-1, XIAO Ren-Peng-1, LI Huan-Mei-3, ZHANG Xian-Wei-1 2015, 21(4): 197-200.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.045 Abstract ( )   PDF (491KB) ( )   This paper summarized the present status of rice production, reviewed rice precise and quantitative cultivation practices in Chongqing in 2009-2014. The target yield of rice high yield cultivation in Chongqing area, and yield structure of high yield demonstration, variety characteristics, density, fertilizer and water measures were comprehensively analyzed and designed, some suggestions to promote the precise and quantitative cultivation of rice in Chongqing were put forward.

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Mechanical Dry Land Direct Seeding Technique of Hybrid Rice in Sichuan Basin MA Jun, SUN Yong-Jian, YANG Zhi-Yuan 2015, 21(4): 201-203.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.046 Abstract ( )   PDF (437KB) ( )   The practice of mechanical direct seeding technique is a key approach for rice production in the future. On the basis of many years of research and demonstration, the technique of hybrid rice in Sichuan Basin has been formed. In the paper, the development trend of the technique is discussed, and the technical problems need to be solved and further perfected is put forward.

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Planting Performance and High Yield Cultivation Techniques of Longlianyou 981 in Xupu County 2015, 21(4): 203-204.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.047 Abstract ( )   PDF (307KB) ( )   The characteristics and demonstration of two-line medium hybrid rice Longliangyou 981 in Xupu County Hunan Province was introduced in this paper, and high yield cultivation techniques were summarized.

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Cultivars Screening of Late Season Machine Transplanting Rice CAO Fang-Bo, CHEN Jia-Na, XIE Xiao-Bing, DAN Shuang-吕, ZOU Ying-Bin-* 2015, 21(4): 205-207.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.048 Abstract ( )   PDF (449KB) ( )   Mechanization has become the important development direction of rice production with the rapidly development of economy and the transfer of rural labor force in recently years. In order to screening suitable rice cultivars for machine transplanting in Hunan Province, field experiments were carried out to study the grain yield and growth period using 11 late rice cultivars including H-you 518 and so on. The results indicated that enough effective panicles and safety full heading are preconditions of high yield of late rice. So the machine transplanting late rice cultivar should have the characters of strong tiller ability, moderate growth period and good harmony between grains and panicle.

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Characteristics and Development Potential of Rice Production in Cambodia LIANG Tian-Feng-1, GAO Guo-Qing-*, WEI Yu, TANG Mao-Yan, LIU Kai-Qiang, CHEN Lei 2015, 21(4): 208-211.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2015.04.049 Abstract ( )   PDF (597KB) ( )   The natural condition in Kampuchea is ideal for rice production. Rice can be planted three times in wet season, dry season and early wet season. The experimental yield can reach 12.0 t/hm2, but most of the field only planting one season in rainy season because of the lack of irrigation. It has good quality, early maturity, and average yield of 3.0 t/hm2. There are no damaging pests or disease as a result of tropical monsoon climate condition, low input of chemical fertilizer and pesticide, which formed a balanced ecosystem. It has broad prospect of large-scale mechanized cultivation and high yield potential. By improving the irrigation system, applying proper material investment and technical support, the rice yield may be dramatically increased and the country could be created as an important rice production base to ensure regional international food safety.