氮肥减施对稻田综合种养水稻产量和品质的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2023.05.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

稻田综合种养是一种将水稻种植与水产禽类养殖相结合的绿色循环农业模式。与水稻单作相比，稻田综合种养降低了化学氮肥施用量，起到了减氮节肥效果，但氮肥减施对综合种养模式下水稻产量和品质的影响效果并不一致。本研究收集了2009—2021年间发表的以水稻单作为对照，以稻田综合种养水稻为处理的111篇相关文献；将综合种养模式分为甲壳类、鱼类、两栖类和水禽类共4类，应用整合分析方法评估了氮肥减施对各稻田综合种养模式水稻产量和品质的影响，定量分析了在不影响水稻产量前提下不同综合种养模式的合理减氮范围。结果表明，在0~150和150~180 kg/hm²施氮（N）区间，甲壳类、鱼类和水禽类综合种养模式水稻产量分别比水稻单作提高1.15%~19.00%、1.45%~27.00%和3.47%~10.59%，其中，甲壳类和鱼类综合种养模式会降低水稻有效穗数，而通过提高结实率和千粒重来增加水稻产量。相比于水稻单作，甲壳类、鱼类、两栖类和水禽类综合种养模式减氮范围的上限分别是26.24%、21.64%、14.04%和41.94%时，可确保水稻产量不低于7.5 t/hm²。相比水稻单作，鱼类和水禽类综合种养模式在各个施氮区间对稻米加工、外观、蒸煮和营养品质均有一定提升。在150~180和>180 kg/hm²施氮（N）区间甲壳类和两栖类综合种养模式的稻米加工和外观品质降低，而蒸煮和营养品质则有所提升。本研究定量分析了不同稻田综合种养模式水稻适宜的施氮区间，可为各模式合理的氮肥减施和水稻增产提质提供理论依据和实践指导。

关键词: 水稻, 氮肥减施, 稻田综合种养, 产量, 稻米品质, 粮食安全

Abstract:

Integrated cultivation and breeding in rice fields is a green circular agricultural model that combines rice cultivation with aquaculture and poultry farming. Compared with rice monoculture, the integrated cultivation and breeding in rice fields can reduce the application amount of chemical nitrogen fertilizer, and plays a role in reducing nitrogen and saving fertilizer. However, the effect of nitrogen fertilizer reduction on the yield and quality of rice under the integrated cultivation and breeding modes is not consistent. In this study, a total of 111 articles data with rice monoculture chosen as the control and the integrated cultivation and breeding in rice fields as the treatment published from 2009 to 2021 were collected. The integrated cultivation and breeding mode was divided into four categories: crustaceans, fishery, amphibians and waterfowl. A meta-analysis method was used to evaluate the effect of nitrogen application on rice yield and quality of various integrated cultivation and breeding in rice fields modes, and to quantitatively identify a reasonable nitrogen reduction range without affecting grain yield security. The results showed that in the range of 0~150 and 150~180 kg/hm² nitrogen (N) application, the rice yield of crustaceans, fishery and waterfowl modes increased by 1.15%~19.00%, 1.45%~27.00% and 3.47%~10.59% respectively compared with rice monoculture. Among which, crustaceans and fishery modes reduced the effective panicles of rice, but increased the rice yield by increasing the seed-setting rate and 1 000-grain weight. Compared with rice monoculture, the upper limit of nitrogen reduction range of crustaceans, fishery, amphibians, and waterfowl modes was 26.24%, 21.64%, 14.04% and 41.94%, respectively, it can ensure that the rice yield was not less than 7.5 t/hm². In terms of rice quality, compared with rice monoculture, the fishery and waterfowl mode can improve rice processing, appearance, cooking and nutritional quality in each nitrogen application range. In the range of 150~180 and >180 kg/hm² nitrogen (N) application, the rice processing and appearance quality of crustaceans and amphibian mode were decreased, but the cooking and nutritional quality improved. The results of this study quantitatively analyzed the suitable nitrogen application range of different integrated cultivation and breeding modes, and provided theoretical basis and practical guidance for each integrated cultivation and breeding mode to reduce nitrogen fertilizer reasonably and promote rice yield and quality.

Key words: rice, nitrogen fertilizer reduction, integrated cultivation and breeding in rice fields, grain yield, rice quality, food safety

中图分类号:

李京咏, 戴林秀, 彭翔, 杨谦, 徐强, 窦志, 高辉. 氮肥减施对稻田综合种养水稻产量和品质的影响[J]. 中国稻米, 2023, 29(5): 28-37.

LI Jingyong, DAI Linxiu, PENG Xiang, YANG Qian, XU Qiang, DOU Zhi, GAO Hui. Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization Reduction on Rice Yield and Quality in Integrated Cultivation and Breeding in Rice Fields[J]. China Rice, 2023, 29(5): 28-37.

图/表 8

表1 主要综合种养类型、分布及样本数

图1 不同施氮量对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响图（A）-（E）指水稻单作和综合种养水稻产量及其构成因素的t检验分析。ns表示相关性不显著，*、**分别表示在P<0.05、P<0.01水平上显著相关；图（F）-（J）中包含水稻单作和综合种养水稻的线性拟合线、线性拟合方程及相关系数（R2）；下同。

图2 各稻田综合种养模式相比于水稻单作的合理减氮范围同列数据后不同小写字母表示不同施氮水平间差异在0.05水平显著。

图3 施氮量对不同综合种养模式下水稻产量及其构成因素的影响

图4 水稻单作和综合种养各项稻米品质指标t检验分析

图5 施氮量对综合种养和单作模式水稻主要稻米品质指标的影响

图6 施氮量对不同综合种养模式与水稻单作稻米加工和外观品质的影响

图7 施氮量对不同综合种养模式与水稻单作的稻米蒸煮和营养品质的影响

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