秸秆炭基肥料对水稻土壤质量与养分利用及微生物群落的作用

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2025.03.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

长期大量施用化肥引起的土壤质量下降和环境问题受到广泛关注。而农业生产过程中产生的秸秆，直接还田会导致种植障碍和环境风险。本研究旨在探讨不同比例的炭基肥料替代化肥对水稻土壤质量、酶学性质、微生物群落结构及水稻生长的影响。结果表明，炭基肥料部分替代化肥能有效改善土壤结构和养分状况，提高土壤酶活性并改善微生物群落结构，其中以50%替代比例效果最佳，与常规施肥处理相比，成熟期土壤全氮、全磷、有机质含量分别提高36.03%、28.36%和19.53%，过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性分别提高12.24%和29.67%，Chao、Ace和Shannon指数分别增加22.20%、21.97%和6.33%。此外，炭基肥施用显著促进了水稻生长发育及养分吸收利用，其中50%替代化肥处理相比常规施肥处理水稻产量和地上部干物质量分别提高14.44%和15.95%，氮、磷和钾素的吸收效率分别增加18.94%、19.18%和19.07%。秸秆炭化制备肥料有助于促进废弃物秸秆的资源化和循环利用。

关键词: 水稻, 秸秆还田, 炭基肥, 土壤质量, 水稻生长, 微生物群落

Abstract:

The long-term and excessive use of chemical fertilizers has led to declining soil quality and environmental issues, attracting widespread attention. Directly returning straw produced during agricultural production to the field can lead to planting obstacles and environmental risks. This study aims to explore the effects of replacing chemical fertilizers with different proportions of biochar-based fertilizers on the quality of paddy soil, enzymatic properties, microbial community structure, and rice growth. The results indicated that the treatments with biochar-based fertilizers effectively improved soil structure and nutrient status, stimulated soil enzyme activity, and improved microbial community structure. Among them, the 50% substitution ratio treatment had the best effect. Compared with the conventional fertilization treatment, the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and organic matter content of soil at mature increased by 36.03%, 28.36%, and 19.53%, respectively. The activities of catalase and sucrase increased by 12.24% and 29.67%, respectively, and the Chao, Ace, and Shannon indices increased by 22.20%, 21.97%, and 6.33%, respectively. Moreover, the application of biochar-based fertilizers significantly promoted rice growth, nutrient absorption and utilization. Among them, the 50% substitution ratio treatment had the best effect. Compared with the conventional fertilization treatment, rice yield and aboveground dry matter quality increased by 14.44% and 15.95%, respectively, the absorption efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium increased by 18.94%, 19.18%, and 19.07%, respectively. The preparation of fertilizers through straw carbonization helps promote the resource utilization and recycling of waste straw.

Key words: rice, straw returning to the field, biochar-based fertilizer, soil quality, rice growth, microbial community

中图分类号:

S511.062

党洪阳, 庄海峰, 赵宇飞, 傅建舟, 季卫东. 秸秆炭基肥料对水稻土壤质量与养分利用及微生物群落的作用[J]. 中国稻米, 2025, 31(3): 37-45.

DANG Hongyang, ZHUANG Haifeng, ZHAO Yufei, FU Jianzhou, JI Weidong. Effects of Straw Biochar-Based Fertilizers on Soil Quality, Nutrient Utilization, and Microbial Community in Paddy Soils[J]. China Rice, 2025, 31(3): 37-45.

图/表 8

表1 秸秆生物炭基本理化性质及炭基肥养分含量

表2 不同处理对土壤理化性质的影响

图1 不同处理对不同生育期土壤养分含量的影响图柱上不同小写字母表示水稻不同生育期各处理间差异在0.05水平显著。下同。

图2 不同处理对不同生育期土壤过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性的影响

表3 不同处理土壤微生物群落α多样性

图3 不同处理对微生物群落结构的影响 a：前10种优势细菌门的相对丰度；b：前10种优势细菌纲的相对丰度；c：优势细菌属相对丰度变化热图。

表4 不同处理对水稻生长及养分利用的影响

图4 土壤理化性质与水稻生长发育间相关性分析 *表示不同指标间显著相关。

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