Abstract:

Mechanized production of agriculture is an important way to ensure food security in China. In the process of rice production, seedling raising determines the quality of seedlings and transplanting quality. Under the background of the rapid development of mechanization, the traditional field mud seedling raising method can no longer meet the production needs, and a special seedling raising matrix matching with mechanization is needed to adapt to the future development. This paper summarizes the development process, characteristics, current situation and existing problems of seedling raising substrates under the two mechanized transplanting modes of machine transplanting and machine seedling throwing, and puts forward the prospect of the development of the two substrates. Through the review, it is clear that the research of machine transplanting seedling raising matrix is more in-depth than that of machine throwing seedling raising, and the mature supporting technology of the product is advanced, but there are some problems such as high cost and uneven commodity quality. The machine-throwing seedlings have high requirements on the matrix, and too heavy substrate leads to difficulties in obtaining materials and inconvenient transportation. Too light substrate leads to problems such as shallow mud entry and easy floating of seedlings. In the future, the matrix utilization of agricultural waste materials should be considered to reduce the production cost and ensure the balance and stability of matrix nutrients. The machine-throwing seedling substrate should focus on the development of machine-throwing special substrate from the perspective of physical properties and nutrient balance of the substrate.

Key words: rice, seedling substrate, mechanical transplanting, mechanical seedling throwing, seedling quality, soil nutrients

摘要：

农业机械化生产是保障我国粮食安全的重要途径。在水稻生产环节中，育秧决定了秧苗素质与移栽质量。随着机械化进程的迅猛推进，传统的田泥育秧方法已难以满足生产需求，需要有专门与机械化相适配的育秧基质，才能顺应未来发展趋势。本文对机插秧和机抛秧这两种机械化移栽模式下的育秧基质展开了综述，涵盖其发展历程、特性、现状以及存在的问题，并对两种基质的发展前景提出了展望。通过综述可知，相较于机抛育秧，机插育秧基质的研究更为深入，产品成熟度高，配套技术也更为完善，但存在成本偏高、商品质量参差不齐等问题；而机抛育秧对基质的要求较高，若基质过重，会导致取材困难、运输不便，若基质过轻，则会出现入泥浅、秧苗易漂浮等问题。未来，机插育秧基质应着重考虑农业废弃物料的基质化利用，以此降低生产成本，同时确保基质养分的均衡性与稳定性；机抛育秧基质则应主要从基质的物理特性、养分均衡性等方面入手，研发适用于机抛的专用基质。

关键词: 水稻, 育秧基质, 机械插秧, 机械抛秧, 秧苗素质, 土壤养分