浙江省稻米农药残留现状及膳食摄入风险评估

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2025.06.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了准确评估浙江省稻米中的农药残留水平及其对人群膳食的潜在风险，2019—2022年于浙江省水稻主产区采集了1 095份稻米样品，针对55种农药残留进行了检测与分析。使用慢性膳食摄入风险（%ADI，即每日允许摄入量百分比）和急性膳食摄入风险（%ARfD，即急性参考剂量百分比）作为评估指标，对检测出的农药残留进行了膳食摄入风险评估。同时，参考英国兽药残留委员会的风险排序矩阵，对检出的农药进行了风险等级划分。结果表明，在1 095份稻米样品中，有342份检出了农药残留，检出率为31.23%；其中，16份样品的农药残留超过了最大残留限量，超标率为1.41%。在检测的55种农药中，38种农药被检出残留，5种农药残留量超出标准。毒死蜱（7.40%）、戊唑醇（6.76%）和呋虫胺（5.39%）的检出率位居前三，而三唑醇（0.64%）、仲丁威（0.46%）和三唑磷（0.18%）的超标率相对较高。此外，还发现稻米中存在农药残留混合污染的现象，有11.78%的样品中同时检出了2种以上的农药残留。根据残留风险得分，将检出的农药划分为高风险（8种）、中风险（7种）和低风险（19种）三类。对于儿童和成人而言，检出农药的%ADI和%ARfD范围分别为0.001%~2.751%和0.002%~14.681%，平均值分别为0.204%和0.901%，均远低于100%，表明膳食摄入风险处于可接受范围内。为进一步评估不同农药组分的累积风险，采用相对效能因子法（RPF）对儿童和成人的累积慢性膳食摄入风险（%ADI_c）和急性膳食摄入风险（%ARfD_c）进行评估。结果显示，稻米中的有机磷类、三唑类、烟碱类及氨基甲酸酯类农药对儿童和成人的%ADI_c和%ARfD_c分别为0.02%~8.61%和0.04%~50.71%，均小于100%，说明膳食摄入风险总体可控。值得注意的是，有机磷类农药的累积急性膳食摄入风险显著高于其他类别农药，应重点加强对三唑磷、毒死蜱等有机磷类农药的监管力度。本研究为浙江省水稻生产的合理用药指导和质量安全监管提供了坚实的数据支撑和参考依据。

关键词: 稻米, 农药残留, 膳食摄入, 累积性风险评估, 相对效能因子

Abstract:

To accurately assess the pesticide residue levels in rice from Zhejiang Province and their potential dietary risks to the population, 1 095 rice samples were collected from the main rice-producing areas of Zhejiang Province from 2019 to 2022. These samples were tested and analyzed for 55 monitored pesticides. The chronic and acute dietary intake risks associated with pesticide residues in rice consumption were assessed using the %ADI (acceptable daily intake percentage) and %ARfD (acute reference dose percentage) approaches. Additionally, the risk ranking matrix of the United Kingdom's Veterinary Residues Committee was referenced to classify the detected pesticides into different risk levels. The results revealed that 342 out of 1 095 samples tested positive for pesticide residues, with a detection rate of 31.23%. Among these, 16 samples exceeded the maximum residue limits, representing an exceedance rate of 1.41%. Out of the 55 pesticides tested, 38 were detected for residues, with 5 exceeding standard levels. The detection rates of chlorpyrifos (7.40%), tebuconazole (6.76%), and dinotefuran (5.39%) ranked among the top three, while triadimenol (0.64%), fenobucarb (0.46%), and triazophos (0.18%) had higher exceedance rates. Furthermore, mixed contamination with more than two types of pesticides was found in 11.78% of the samples. Based on the residue risk scores, the detected pesticides were categorized into three groups: high risk (8 pesticides), medium risk (7 pesticides), and low risk (19 pesticides). The %ADI and %ARfD values for children and adults ranged from 0.001% to 2.751% and from 0.002% to 14.681%, with averages of 0.204% and 0.901%, respectively. These values were well below 100%, indicating that the dietary intake risks are within an acceptable range. To further evaluate the cumulative risks of different pesticide components, the cumulative chronic (%ADI_c) and acute risks (%ARfD_c) of dietary exposure to organophosphates, triazoles, nicotines and carbamates in rice consumption were assessed based on the relative potency factor (RPF) approach. For children and adults, the cumulative chronic risks ranged from 0.02% to 8.61%, and the cumulative acute risks ranged from 0.04% to 50.71%, respectively. These values were all less than 100%, indicating that the overall dietary intake risks are controllable. It is noteworthy that the cumulative acute dietary intake risk of organophosphates is significantly higher than that of other pesticide categories, and therefore, it is essential to strengthen the regulation of organophosphates such as triazophos and chlorpyrifos. This study provides solid data support and a reference basis for rational drug use guidance and quality safety supervision in rice production in Zhejiang Province.

Key words: rice, pesticide residue, dietary intake, cumulative risk assessment, relative potency factor

中图分类号:

S511

王恒恒, 张妍, 关美艳, 林晓燕, 陈铭学, 曹珍珍. 浙江省稻米农药残留现状及膳食摄入风险评估[J]. 中国稻米, 2025, 31(6): 91-101.

WANG Hengheng, ZHANG Yan, GUAN Meiyan, LIN Xiaoyan, CHEN Mingxue, CAO Zhenzhen. Cumulative Dietary Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) from Zhejiang Province[J]. China Rice, 2025, 31(6): 91-101.

图/表 9

表1 液相色谱-串联质谱中45种农药优化后的质谱参数

表2 气相色谱-串联质谱中10种农药优化后的质谱参数

表3 稻米农药残留风险排序赋值标准

表4 中国各年龄段居民大米日消费量

表5 浙江省稻米中农药残留水平

图1 浙江省稻米中农药残留风险排序

表6 浙江省稻米农药残留慢性和急性膳食摄入风险

表7 浙江省稻米各类农药的慢性和急性相对效能因子系数

表8 浙江省稻米各类农药的累积慢性和急性膳食摄入风险

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