秸秆还田与深施氮肥对水稻叶片生理特征、氮素利用及产量的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2023.04.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以常规粳稻徐稻10号和新丰7号为材料，设置“深施氮肥+秸秆还田”（DS）、“土壤表层施氮+秸秆还田”（OS）、“深施氮肥+秸秆不还田”（DU）和“土壤表层施氮+秸秆还田”（OU）4个处理，以“不施氮肥+秸秆不还田”作为对照（CK），探索秸秆还田和深施氮肥对水稻剑叶生理特征、籽粒产量及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明，与CK相比， DS、OS、DU、OU处理均在一定程度上提高了抽穗期剑叶的净光合速率（Pn）和PSII有效量子效率（Eq），同时提高了水稻干物质累积量和氮素累积量，其中均以DS处理效果最佳；与OU处理相比，抽穗期DS处理的剑叶氮代谢相关酶活性（GS、GOGAT、NR、GDH）显著增加；徐稻10号和新丰7号的籽粒产量DS处理比OU处理分别显著提高46.78%和45.65%。此外，DS处理的氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力、氮吸收效率以及氮收获指数在施氮处理中亦最高。以上结果表明，深施氮肥结合秸秆还田是提高河南地区水稻产量、氮肥利用效率的可行措施。

关键词: 秸秆还田, 深施氮肥, 水稻, 产量, 氮肥利用效率, 光合特征

Abstract:

Xudao 10 and Xinfeng 7 were used as materials, four treatments of DS （deep placement of N fertilizer combined with straw returning）, OS（surface application of N fertilizer combined with straw returning）, DU（deep placement of N fertilizer combined without straw returning） and OU （surface application of N fertilizer without straw returning） were set up, and no N fertilizer and no straw returning were used as controls （CK）, the effects of straw returning and deep placement of N fertilizer on the flag leaves physiological characteristics, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice were studied. The results showed that compared with CK, DS, OS, DU and OU treatments all increased the net photosynthetic rate （Pn） and PSII effective quantum efficiency （Eq） of flag leaves at heading stage to a certain extent, and increased the dry matter accumulation and N accumulation in rice, among which DS treatment had the best effect. Compared with OU treatment, DS treatment significantly increased nitrogen metabolism-related enzyme activities （GS, GOGAT, NR, GDH） in flag leaf at heading stage, and significantly increased the grain yield of Xudao 10 and Xinfeng 7 by 46.78% and 45.65%, respectively. In addition, the nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen partial productivity, nitrogen absorption efficiency and nitrogen harvest index of DS treatment were also the highest among all N fertilization treatments. The above results indicated that deep placement of N fertilizer combined with straw returning is a feasible measure to improve rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in Henan.

Key words: straw returning, deep placement of N fertilizer, rice, yield, nitrogen use efficiency, photosynthetic features

中图分类号:

S511.05

王兴为, 王志成. 秸秆还田与深施氮肥对水稻叶片生理特征、氮素利用及产量的影响[J]. 中国稻米, 2023, 29(4): 59-65.

WANG Xingwei, WANG Zhicheng. Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Deep Placement Coupled with Straw Incorporation on Leaf Physiological Characteristics, Nitrogen Utilization, and Yield of Rice[J]. China Rice, 2023, 29(4): 59-65.

图/表 6

图 1 秸秆还田与深施氮肥对水稻干物质累积影响柱图中不同小写字母表示处理间存在显著差异（P<0.05）。下同。

图2 秸秆还田与深施氮肥对水稻净光合作用及PSII量子效率的影响

图3 秸秆还田与深施氮肥对水稻剑叶氮代谢酶活性的影响

表1 秸秆还田与深施氮肥对水稻氮素累积与分布的影响（单位：kg/hm2）

表2 秸秆还田与深施氮肥对水稻产量及其构成因子的影响

表3 秸秆还田与深施氮肥对水稻氮素利用的影响

参考文献 26

[1]	巨晓棠, 张翀. 论合理施氮的原则和指标[J]. 土壤学报, 2021, 58(1):1-13.
[2]	刘钦普. 农田氮磷面源污染环境风险研究评述[J] 土壤通报, 2016, 47(6):1506-1 513.
[3]	高捷, 李思宇, 成大宇, 等. 缓控释肥对水稻产量与品质影响的研究进展[J]. 作物杂志, 2022(3):20-26.
[4]	LIN L, ZHANG Z, TIAN H, et al. Nitrogen deep placement combined with straw mulch cultivation enhances physiological traits, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice[J]. Rice Science, 2022, 29(1): 89-100.
[5]	张富林, 刘冬碧, 范先鹏, 等. 农艺深施及配施缓控释氮肥对水稻产量及氮素损失的影响[J]. 农业资源与环境学报, 2021, 38(5):858-866.
[6]	YAN F, SUN Y, XU H, et al. Effects of wheat straw mulch application and nitrogen management on rice root growth, dry matter accumulation and rice quality in soils of different fertility[J]. Paddy and Water Environment, 2018, 16: 507-518.
[7]	姚科艳, 陈利根, 刘珍珍,. 农户禀赋、政策因素及作物类型对秸秆还田技术采纳决策的影响[J]. 农业技术经济, 2018(12):64-75.
[8]	左婷, 王新霞, 侯琼, 等. 稻-麦轮作体系不同施肥模式对氮肥利用效率和土壤有效养分平衡的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2021, 35(1):213-221.
[9]	KU H H, RYU J H, BAE H S, et al. Modeling a long-term effect of rice straw incorporation on SOC content and grain yield in rice field[J]. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 2019, 65: 1 941-1 954.
[10]	李新悦, 李冰, 莫太相, 等. 长期秸秆还田对水稻土团聚体及氮磷钾分配的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2021, 32(9):3257-3 266.
[11]	何艳, 严田蓉, 唐源, 等. 栽插和秸秆还田方式对水稻氮素吸收利用和产量的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(1):86-95.
[12]	王秋菊, 刘峰, 迟凤琴, 等. 秸秆还田及氮肥调控对不同肥力白浆土氮素及水稻产量影响[J]. 农业工程学报, 2019, 35(14):105-111.
[13]	吴文革, 季雅岚, 许有尊, 等. 新型控释肥机插侧深施对江淮中稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响[J]. 中国稻米, 2021, 27(5):59-63.
[14]	冉斌, 张爱华, 张钦, 等. 新型腐植酸尿素对玉米产量、养分积累及利用的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2018, 47(12):28-33.
[15]	LI L, LI Q, LIN Z, et al. Effects of nitrogen deep placement coupled with straw incorporation on grain quality and root traits from paddy fields[J]. Crop Science, 2021, 8: 1-12.
[16]	ZHAO X, YUAN G, WANG H, et al. Effects of full straw incorporation on soil fertility and crop yield in rice-wheat rotation for silty clay loamy cropland[J]. Agronomy, 2019, 9(3): 133-133.
[17]	KAMINI K, JANARDHAN P, SINGH S I, et al. Long-term effect of crop residues incorporation on yield and soil physical properties under rice - wheat cropping system in calcareous soil[J]. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2018, 18: 27-40.
[18]	王新媛, 赵思达, 郑险峰, 等. 秸秆还田和氮肥用量对冬小麦产量和氮素利用的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(23):5043-5 053.
[19]	SUN L, WU Z, LIU Y, et al. Ammonia volatilization and atmospheric N deposition following straw and urea application from a rice-wheat rotation in southeastern China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2018, 181: 97-105.
[20]	REA R S, ISLAM M R, RAHMAN M M, et al. Study of nitrogen use efficiency and yield of rice influenced by deep placement of nitrogen fertilizers[J]. SAARC Journal of Agriculture, 2019, 17(1): 93-103.
[21]	吴龙龙, 田仓, 张露, 等. 稻田水氮氧环境因子对水稻生长发育、光合作用和氮利用的调控研究进展[J]. 应用生态学报, 2021, 32(4):1498-1 508.
[22]	刘月月, 郑浣彤, 程兆伟, 等. 秸秆还田与氮肥运筹对东北粳稻产量及稻米品质的影响[J]. 中国稻米, 2021, 27(6):20-27.
[23]	王书伟, 林静慧, 吴正贵, 等. 氮肥深施对太湖地区稻田氨挥发的影响[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2021, 29(12):2002-2 012.
[24]	崔思远, 朱新开, 张莀茜, 等. 水稻秸秆还田年限对稻麦轮作田土壤碳氮固存的影响[J]. 农业工程学报, 2019, 35(7):115-121.
[25]	WANG W, LAI D, WANG C, et al. Effects of rice straw incorporation on active soil organic carbon pools in a subtropical paddy field[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2015, 152: 8-16.
[26]	CHEN Y, FAN P, LI L, et al. Straw incorporation coupled with deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer improved grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in direct-seeded rice[J]. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2020, 20(1): 2 338-2 347.