地膜覆盖和氮肥用量对洱海水稻产量和氮利用效率的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2025.06.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地膜覆盖是提升低温及缺水稻区水稻产量与生产效率的关键技术措施。研究地膜覆盖与氮肥施用量对水稻产量形成及氮素利用效率的影响，对于推动高海拔稻区洱海流域水稻种植模式的创新以及科学施肥策略的制定具有重要指导意义。于2023年开展试验，设置了常规种植（CT）与覆膜种植（PM）2种模式，并分别设置不施氮肥（N0）、施氮90 kg/hm²（N90）和施氮135 kg/hm²（N135）3个氮肥梯度，系统比较了不同处理对水稻产量及其构成因子、干物质积累动态、氮素积累与转运特征以及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明，施用氮肥显著促进了水稻分蘖前期相对分蘖速率的提升，同时加快了干物质与氮素的最大积累速率，进而显著增加成熟期干物质和氮素积累量（CT模式下，增幅分别为105.2%~119.0%和70.0%~97.2%；PM模式下，增幅为142.0%~144.1%和151.6%~179.8%），并最终显著提高水稻产量（CT模式下，增幅为50.0%~72.0%；PM 模式下，增幅为48.8%~50.0%）。在CT模式下，施氮主要通过增加每穗粒数来实现增产；而在PM模式下，施氮则主要通过提高单位面积有效穗数来增加产量。但氮肥的施用导致氮肥利用效率的降低（CT 模式下，降幅为14.9%~16.0%；PM 模式下，降幅为42.0%~46.2%）。与CT模式相比，地膜覆盖显著提升了水稻移栽后1个月内0~20 cm 土层的土壤温度（平均提升0.8 ℃）、分蘖前期相对分蘖速率（提高50.9%）、成熟期干物质和氮素积累量（分别提高了 49.0%和92.3%），最终产量显著提高55.0%。在相同施氮水平下，相较于CT模式，PM模式显著增加了水稻的氮肥利用效率，具体表现为氮肥偏生产力提高43.3%~62.4%、氮肥农学效率提高15.2%~60.8%、氮肥生理利用率提高174.4%~219.9%。综合本研究结果，在洱海流域种植条件下，常规种植模式施氮量超过135 kg/hm²时，才可获得较高的水稻产量；而覆膜种植模式下，施氮量为90 kg/hm²时，既能实现水稻高产，又能有效提高氮肥利用效率。

关键词: 水稻, 地膜覆盖, 氮肥用量, 产量, 氮肥利用效率, 洱海流域

Abstract:

Plastic film mulching is a key technique for enhancing rice yield and production efficiency in regions with low temperatures and drought conditions. Investigating the impacts of plastic film mulching and fertilizer application rates on rice yield formation and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) holds significant implications for driving innovation in rice cultivation practices and formulating scientific fertilization strategies in the Erhai Lake Basin, which is a high-altitude rice-growing area. In 2023, an experiment was conducted, involving two planting modes(CT, conventional tillage; PM, plastic film mulching, and three nitrogen fertilizer gradients (N0, no nitrogen application; N90, 90 kg N/hm²; N135, 135 kg N/hm²). The study systematically compared the effects of these treatments on rice yield and its components, the dynamics of dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation and translocation characteristics, and NUE. The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer application significantly promoted the relative tillering rate during the early tillering stage. Meanwhile, it accelerated the maximum accumulation rates of dry matter and nitrogen. This effect further led to a significant increase in the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen at maturity (with increases of 105.2%-119.0% and 70.0%-97.2% under the CT mode, respectively, and 142.0%-144.1% and 151.6%-179.8% under the PM mode, respectively), as well as an enhancement in rice yield (with increases of 50.0%-72.0% under the CT mode and 48.8%-50.0% under the PM mode). Under the CT mode, nitrogen application primarily increased yield by augmenting the number of grains per panicle, whereas under the PM mode, it increased yield mainly by elevating the number of effective panicles per unit area (P<0.05). However, nitrogen fertilizer application resulted in a decrease in NUE (with reductions of 14.9%-16.0% under the CT mode and 42.0%-46.2% under the PM mode). Compared with the CT mode, plastic film mulching significantly elevated the soil temperature in the 0-20 cm soil layer by 0.8 ℃ within one month after rice transplantation, enhanced the relative tillering rate during the early tillering stage by 50.9%, and raised the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen at maturity by 49.0% and 92.3%, ultimately the rice yield significant increased by 55.0%. Under the same nitrogen application level, compared with the CT mode, the PM mode significantly increased in NUE, as evidenced by increases in nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) of 43.3%-62.4%, nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) of 15.2%-60.8%, and nitrogen physiological efficiency (NPE) of 174.4%-219.9%. Based on the findings of this study, under the cultivation conditions in the Erhai Lake Basin, applying nitrogen fertilizer at a rate exceeding 135 kg/hm² in the CT mode can achieve relatively high rice yields. In contrast, in the PM mode, applying nitrogen fertilizer at a rate of 90 kg/hm² can not only realize high rice yields but also effectively improve NUE.

Key words: rice, plastic film mulching, nitrogen fertilizer application rate, yield, nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency, Erhai Lake basin

中图分类号:

S511.062

谭玉娇, 王浩钧, 张顺涛, 王婷, 谭玉龙, 李鹏丽, 白建国, 唐唯, 吕世华, 张福锁, 徐玖亮. 地膜覆盖和氮肥用量对洱海水稻产量和氮利用效率的影响[J]. 中国稻米, 2025, 31(6): 55-65.

TAN Yujiao, WANG Haojun, ZHANG Shuntao, WANG Ting, TAN Yulong, LI Pengli, BAI Jianguo, TANG Wei, LV Shihua, ZHANG Fusuo, XU Jiuliang. Effects of Plastic Film Mulching and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Rate on Rice Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in the Erhai Lake Region[J]. China Rice, 2025, 31(6): 55-65.

图/表 13

表1 各处理水稻生育期

表2 各处理肥料施用类型和施用量（单位kg/hm2）

图1 地膜覆盖对土壤温度（a）和有效积温（b）的影响

表3 地膜覆盖和施氮量对水稻产量及产量构成因子的影响

图2 地膜覆盖和施氮量对水稻茎蘖发育的影响

表4 地膜覆盖和施氮量对水稻相对分蘖速率的影响 [单位：个/（穴·d）]

图3 地膜覆盖和施氮量对水稻干物质积累的影响

表5 不同处理单位面积干物质积累的Logistic回归方程

图4 地膜覆盖和施氮量对水稻氮素积累的影响

表6 不同处理单位面积氮素积累的Logistic回归方程

图5 地膜覆盖和施氮量对水稻氮素转运的影响

表7 地膜覆盖和施氮量对水稻氮素利用效率的影响

图6 产量及其构成因子、水稻干物质、氮积累量及氮素利用效率间的主成分分析 NA表示氮投入量；BAM和NAM分别表示成熟期干物质积累量和氮素积累量；划线表示水稻产量构成，点线表示氮肥利用效率，实色线表示产量。

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