水旱轮作稻田土壤与稻米重金属含量关联分析及健康风险评价

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2022.03.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以成都平原区水旱轮作稻田土壤及稻米为研究对象，通过测定土壤及稻米中的重金属含量，采用单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合指数法对水稻田土壤污染程度进行分析评价，并采用健康风险评价模型对研究区成人和儿童的致癌和非致癌健康风险进行评价。结果表明，土壤镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）、铬（Cr）、汞（Hg）的平均含量均大于该区域土壤背景值。Cd的单因子污染指数有85%的采样点达到警戒限值，最大值达1.57。内梅罗综合污染指数（P_N）为0.60，无污染，5种重金属元素的污染指数大小表现为Cd>Pb>Hg>Cr>As（砷）。土壤中Cd含量与全氮、有机质、速效钾含量显著正相关;土壤中Pb含量与碱解氮含量显著正相关，但与有效磷含量、pH值显著负相关;土壤中Hg含量与Pb、As含量之间呈显著正相关性，具有同源关系，呈复合污染。稻米中重金属含量均低于国家限量标准，无样品超标;稻米中Cd、Cr含量与土壤中Cr含量显著负相关，但稻米中Cd含量与土壤中Hg、As含量显著正相关。在经农作物摄入、手口摄入和皮肤接触三种暴露途径下6种重金属对成人和儿童的非致癌总风险指数分别为8.36和19.63。3种致癌重金属对成人和儿童的致癌风险指数均表现为Cd>As>Cr，对成人和儿童造成的致癌健康总风险分别为0.007和0.0178。研究结果显示，试验区域稻田土壤及稻米重金属之间存在一定的相关性，且重金属复合污染已给当地居民造成一定程度的健康风险，尤其对儿童的影响较大，以农作物摄入途径最为显著。As、Cr、Hg是构成该区域非致癌健康风险的主要元素，而As、Cr、Cd是构成该区域致癌健康风险的主要元素。

关键词: 稻米, 土壤, 重金属, 健康风险评价, 成都平原

Abstract:

The heavy metal content in soil and rice of the paddy field in the Chengdu plain area were measured with the single pollution index method and the Nemerow comprehensive index method to analyze and evaluate the soil pollution degree of the paddy field, and use the health risk assessment model to evaluate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of adults and children in the study area. The results showed that the average contents of Cd, Pb, Cr and Hg in soil were greater than those in the soil background value in this area. Eighty-five percent of the sampling points of Cd single factor pollution index reached the warning limit, with the maximum value of 1.57. Nemero’s comprehensive pollution index （P_N） was 0.60, without pollution, and the pollution index size of the five heavy metal elements was in the order of Cd>Pb>Hg>Cr>As. Cd content in soil was significantly and positively correlated with total nitrogen, organic matter and available potassium contents; Pb content in soil was significantly and positively correlated with alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen content and significantly and negatively correlated with available phosphorus content and pH value; there was a significantly positive correlation between Hg, Pb and As in soil, with homologous relationship and compound pollution. The contents of heavy metals in rice were lower than the limit standard, and no samples exceeded the standard; Cd and Cr contents in rice were significantly and negatively correlated with Cr content in soil, but Cd content in rice was significantly and positively correlated with Hg and As contents in soil. The total non carcinogenic risk index of six heavy metals to adults and children were 8.36 and 19.63 respectively. The carcinogenic risk index of three carcinogenic heavy metals to adults and children was in the order of Cd > As > Cr, and the total carcinogenic health risk to adults and children were 0.0076 and 0.0178 respectively. The results showed that there was a certain correlation between heavy metals in paddy soil and rice in the experimental area, and the combined pollution of heavy metals has caused a certain degree of health risk to local residents, especially children, and the way of crop intake was the most significant. As, Cr and Hg were the main elements that constitute non-carcinogenic health risks in this region, while As, Cr and Cd were the main elements that constitute carcinogenic health risks in this region.

Key words: rice, soil, heavy metal, health risk assessment, Chengdu plain

中图分类号:

X825
S511.06

上官宇先, 黑儿平, 曾祥忠, 陈琨, 秦鱼生, 何明江, 周子军. 水旱轮作稻田土壤与稻米重金属含量关联分析及健康风险评价[J]. 中国稻米, 2022, 28(3): 26-34.

SHANGGUAN Yuxian, HEI Erping, ZENG Xiangzhong, CHEN Kun, QIN Yusheng, HE Mingjiang, ZHOU Zijun. Correlation Analysis and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Content in Paddy Soils and Rice Grains under Flood and Drought Rotation System[J]. China Rice, 2022, 28(3): 26-34.

图/表 16

表1 土壤中各重金属评价标准限值

表2 土壤重金属污染评价方法 Pi 和 PN 的等级标准划分

表3 农作物和土壤重金属参数符号对应名称

表4 重金属非致癌和致癌参考剂量取值

表5 土壤基本理化性质分析统计结果

表6 土壤中重金属含量的描述性样品统计特征

表7 稻米中重金属含量分析统计结果

表8 土壤重金属含量与理化性质相关性分析

表9 土壤中各重金属元素之间的相关性分析

表10 土壤与稻米中重金属含量相关性分析

图1 土壤重金属污染评价箱型图

图2 农作物和土壤重金属日暴露量柱状图

表11 非致癌风险暴露剂量和健康风险指数均值

表12 致癌风险暴露剂量和健康风险指数均值

图3 非致癌健康风险指数柱状图

图4 致癌健康风险指数柱状图

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