水稻需水量及其影响因素研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2025.04.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

采用ET₀ Calculator和单作物系数法计算水稻需水量，分析近41年种植区域、季型和种植时期对水稻需水量的影响，比较影响需水量气候因素的相对重要性，为水稻的水分高效利用提供理论依据。水稻需水量随生育进程推进呈逐渐增加的趋势，全生育期需水总量变异性较大，最小值为4 057.0 t/hm²，最大值为9 788.0 t/hm²，平均值为6 621.0 t/hm²。日均需水量呈先增加后降低的趋势，返青期、分蘖期、拔节孕穗期、抽穗灌浆期和黄熟期的日均需水量分别为50.0、63.0、75.0、64.0和37.0 t/（hm²·d）。水稻种植区域、季型、种植时期等因素对需水量都具有一定的影响：东北地区、西北地区、长江中下游地区、华南地区和西南地区水稻需水量分别为5 161.0~6 111.0 t/hm²、8 845.0~9 788.0 t/hm²、5 211.0~9 591.0 t/hm²、4 057.0~5 676.0 t/hm²、7 658.0~8 347.0 t/hm²；早稻、晚稻和单季稻需水量分别为5 211.0~5 891.0 t/hm²、6 074.0~6 990.0 t/hm²和8 428.0~9 545.0 t/hm²；随种植时间的推移水稻需水量呈增加的趋势。影响水稻需水量的气候因素中，平均温度、最高温度、日照时数、最低温度、相对湿度、降水和风速的相对重要性占比分别为25.5%、22.9%、22.6%、20.9%、4.9%、1.7%和1.5%。

关键词: 水稻, 需水量, 气候, ET₀ Calculator

Abstract:

ET₀ Calculator and single crop coefficient method were used to calculate the water demand of rice. The effects of rice planting regions, rice types and planting period on water demand of rice in recent 41 years in China were analyzed, and the relative importance of climatic factors affecting water demand was compared to clarify the water demand of rice and its influencing factors in China, and to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of water in rice. The water demand of rice increases gradually with the growth process. The minimum value of total water demand in the whole growth period is 4 057.0 t/hm², the maximum value is 9 788.0 t/hm², and the average value is 6 621.0 t/hm². The average daily water demand increases first and then decreases. The daily average water demand of the green-returning stage, tillering stage, jointing-booting stage, heading and filling stage and yellow-ripen stage is 50.0, 63.0, 75.0, 64.0 and 37.0 t/hm²·d, respectively. Factors such as rice planting regions, rice types, and planting period have a certain impact on water demand. The water demand of rice in Northeast China, Northeast China, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Southern China and Southwest China is 5 161.0~6 111.0, 8 845.0-9 788.0, 5 211.0-9 591.0, 4 057.0-5 676.0 and 7 658.0-8 347.0 t/hm², respectively. The water demand of early rice, late rice and single rice is 5 211.0-5 891.0, 6 074.0-6 990.0 and 8 428.0-9 545.0 t/hm², respectively. With the passage of planting period, the water demand of rice shows an increasing trend. Among the climatic factors affecting rice water demand, the relative importance of average temperature, maximum temperature, sunshine hours, minimum temperature, relative humidity, precipitation and wind speed account for 25.5%, 22.9%, 22.6%, 20.9%, 4.9%, 1.7% and 1.5%, respectively.

Key words: rice, water demand, climate, ET₀ Calculator

中图分类号:

S511

王彬, 杨丞, 吴朋浩, 李小坤. 水稻需水量及其影响因素研究[J]. 中国稻米, 2025, 31(4): 79-85.

WANG Bin, YANG Cheng, WU Penghao, LI Xiaokun. Research on the Water Demand of Rice and Its Influencing Factors[J]. China Rice, 2025, 31(4): 79-85.

图/表 8

表1 不同稻区水稻各生育期作物系数（Kc）

图1 水稻全生育期累积需水量与日均需水量

图2 水稻全生育期需水总量及频率分布箱体内横线代表均值，上下边界代表75.0%和25.0%的点位，连接在箱体外上下横线代表最大和最小值；括号内数字代表出现的次数。下同。

图3 不同种植区域水稻全生育期累计需水量、需水总量、日均需水量

图4 不同季型水稻全生育期累计需水量、需水总量和日均需水量

图5 不同种植时期水稻全生育期累积需水量图中虚线为变化趋势，直线为平均值，Zs>0代表上升趋势，Zs<0代表下降趋势。

图6 不同种植时期气候因素变化图中虚线为变化趋势，直线为平均值，Zs>0代表上升趋势，Zs<0代表下降趋势。

表2 Pearson相关系数与显著性

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